Chapter 1 · Section 4Textbook pages 13–14

Bohr's Atom Model and the Three Particles നീൽസ് ബോറിന്റെ ആറ്റം മാതൃക

Rutherford's atom should have collapsed in a flash – yet atoms last for ever. In 1913 a young Danish scientist, Niels Bohr, fixed the problem with a bold rule: electrons may only travel in certain orbits, each with a fixed energy, like the steps of a ladder. On this page you climb that energy ladder, meet the shells K, L, M, N, complete the table of the three subatomic particles, balance one proton against a heap of electrons, and peek inside the proton at its quarks.

📖 What you need (pages 3, 5 and 6 of this guide)

1. Niels Bohr's atom model (1913)

To overcome the limitations (പരിമിതികൾ) of Rutherford's model, the Danish scientist Niels Bohr put forward a new model in 1913 – the Bohr atom model (ബോർ ആറ്റം മാതൃക).

⭐ Key idea – main ideas of the Bohr model (textbook page 13)
  1. Electrons revolve around the nucleus only in definite orbits (ഓർബിറ്റ്).
  2. An electron in each orbit has a definite energy, so the orbits are called energy levels (ഊർജനിലകൾ).
  3. As long as an electron revolves in a particular orbit, its energy neither increases nor decreases; so the orbits are also called stationary energy levels (സ്ഥിരോർജനിലകൾ).
  4. The energy of the orbits increases with distance from the nucleus.
  5. When an electron moves from a higher-energy orbit to a lower-energy orbit it gives out (emits) energy (ഊർജം പുറത്തേക്ക് വിടുന്നു); when it moves from a lower to a higher orbit it absorbs energy (ഊർജം ആഗിരണം ചെയ്യുന്നു).
  6. The orbits can be numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…
🎬 The six ideas, one at a time
💡 How does this solve Rutherford's problem?

Rutherford's electron lost energy all the time, so it had to spiral in. Bohr simply said: in an allowed orbit the electron's energy does not change (idea 3). It gives out energy only when it jumps down to a lower orbit – and the lowest orbit has no orbit below it. So the electron cannot fall into the nucleus, and the atom is stable.

2. Virtual lab: the energy ladder

🧪 Move the electron between the orbits
Send the electron to:

Not to scale: the energy ladder only shows the order of the levels (the higher, the more energy) – the gaps really get smaller as you go up. In a real atom the energy is absorbed from heat, light or electricity, and given out as light (going further – this is how fireworks and neon signs get their colours).

🌴 Kerala connection – colours in the sky

When the fireworks burst over Thrissur Pooram, the heat gives energy to the electrons of metal atoms in the powder – they jump to higher orbits. As they fall back to lower orbits they give out that energy as light. Different metals have different gaps between their energy levels, so they glow in different colours (strontium red, copper blue-green, sodium yellow – going further). Take it as an analogy for Bohr's idea 5; the details are for higher classes.

3. Shells K, L, M, N (Fig 1.7)

തുടർന്ന് വന്ന ചില പഠനങ്ങളിൽ ഊർജനിലകളെ ഷെല്ലുകളെന്നും വിളിച്ചിരുന്നു. – In later studies the energy levels were also called shells (ഷെല്ലുകൾ). The energy levels 1, 2, 3, 4, … are taken as the shells K, L, M, N, … in that order (Fig 1.7 – ഊർജനിലകളുടെ ക്രമീകരണം, arrangement of energy levels).

🔍 Fig 1.7 – arrangement of energy levels
Energy level (orbit number)12345
ShellKLMNO
Energylowest (K, nearest the nucleus) → higher and higher → (O, farther out)

4. The three subatomic particles (Table 1.2)

സബ്അറ്റോമിക കണങ്ങളായ ഇലക്ട്രോൺ, പ്രോട്ടോൺ, ന്യൂട്രോൺ എന്നിവയുടെ ചില സവിശേഷതകൾ പട്ടിക 1.2-ൽ കൊടുത്തിരിക്കുന്നു. വിട്ടുപോയ ഭാഗം പൂരിപ്പിച്ച് സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക. – Some properties of the subatomic particles are given in Table 1.2. Fill in the missing parts and record them in your science diary (സയൻസ് ഡയറി).

📝 Table 1.2 – fill in the blanks
Particle കണത്തിന്റെ പേര്Place in the atom ആറ്റത്തിലെ സ്ഥാനംCharge ചാർജ്Mass മാസ്Mass used in practice പ്രായോഗിക ആവശ്യങ്ങൾക്കുപയോഗിക്കുന്ന മാസ്
proton പ്രോട്ടോൺ1.00727 u1 u
electron ഇലക്ട്രോൺ0.000548 u0
nucleus ന്യൂക്ലിയസ്1.00866 u1 u
Choose an answer in each blank, then press “Check my table”. (Grey entries are given in the textbook.)
⭐ Key idea (textbook page 13)

ആറ്റങ്ങളുടെ മാസ് പ്രസ്താവിക്കുന്ന യൂണിറ്റാണ് യൂണിഫൈഡ് അറ്റോമിക് മാസ് യൂണിറ്റ് (u)

The unified atomic mass unit (യൂണിഫൈഡ് അറ്റോമിക് മാസ് യൂണിറ്റ് (u)) is the unit used to state the masses of atoms. (Going further: 1 u is one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, about 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg.)

💡 Why is the electron's mass taken as 0?

0.000548 u is so tiny next to the 1 u of a proton or a neutron that, when we add up the mass of an atom, the electrons make almost no difference. So in practice the proton and the neutron are counted as 1 u each, the electron as 0 – which is why the mass of an atom is decided by its nucleus.

One electron = 1/1837 of a proton

ഒരു ഇലക്ട്രോണിന്റെ മാസ് പ്രോട്ടോണിന്റെ മാസിന്റെ 1/1837 ഭാഗം ആണ്. – The mass of an electron is 11837 of the mass of a proton. In other words, you would need about 1837 electrons to balance one proton. Try it!

⚖ Virtual lab: balance one proton with electrons

The balance uses the more precise masses, proton 1.007276 u and electron 0.00054858 u, so it levels at about 1836–1837 electrons (the textbook rounds this to 1/1837; dividing the rounded table values 1.00727 ÷ 0.000548 gives about 1838). Only a few electrons are drawn on the pan.

You have now met several atom models. They helped to make many ideas in chemistry simple. Later, scientists put forward many more atom models – you will study them in higher classes.

🖼 One lithium atom, as each scientist would have drawn it

Dalton's and Thomson's years are going further (not in the textbook). Lithium has 3 protons, 4 neutrons and 3 electrons; the neutrons were discovered only in 1932, so Bohr's 1913 drawing shows the nucleus as we know it today.

6. Questions and activity (page 14)

Q. ചില പ്രസ്താവനകൾ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇവയിൽ ജെ. ജെ. തോംസണുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പ്രസ്താവനകൾ ഏതെല്ലാം? – Some statements are given. Which of them are connected with J. J. Thomson?

a) ഓർബിറ്റ് എന്ന ആശയം മുന്നോട്ടുവച്ചു. Put forward the idea of orbits.
b) ഡിസ്ചാർജ് ട്യൂബ് പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തി. Did discharge tube experiments.
c) ന്യൂട്രോണിനെ കണ്ടെത്തി. Discovered the neutron.
d) ഇലക്ട്രോണിനെ കണ്ടെത്തി. Discovered the electron.
e) പ്ലം പുഡിങ് മാതൃക മുന്നോട്ടുവച്ചു. Proposed the plum pudding model.
Statements b, d and e are connected with J. J. Thomson. (a – Bohr; c – Chadwick.)

📒 Activity – a quiz on scientists and their ideas

ആറ്റം ഘടനയെക്കുറിച്ച് ഗവേഷണം നടത്തിയ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ, അവരുടെ സംഭാവനകൾ എന്നിവയെ സംബന്ധിച്ച് ചോദ്യാവലി തയ്യാറാക്കി ക്ലാസിൽ ഒരു ക്വിസ് മത്സരം സംഘടിപ്പിക്കുക. – Prepare a set of questions on the scientists who studied atomic structure and their contributions, and hold a quiz in class. Warm up with this one: who did it?

A ready-made class quiz with more questions is on page 11.

7. Fundamental particles (box, page 14)

📦 Box – Fundamental particles (മൗലിക കണങ്ങൾ)

You have learnt that an atom can be divided and that it contains protons, neutrons and electrons. Can these be divided again? An electron cannot be divided further, so it is a fundamental particle (മൗലിക കണങ്ങൾ). But protons and neutrons are each made of 3 quarks (ക്വാർക്കുകൾ) joined together, so they are not considered fundamental particles.

🔬 Inside a proton and a neutron
The proton and the neutron are each made of three quarks. The electron is not made of anything smaller – it is fundamental.
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8. Check yourself

🧭 Summary

Next: Atomic number and mass number ▶