Solutions ലായനികൾ
The chapter opens at a school science fair. A student has painted a metal box with black enamel paint and tries to wash the brush in water, but the paint will not come off. Dipped in turpentine, the brush comes clean at once. Why does a substance dissolve in one liquid and not in another? To answer this you will meet the solute, the solvent and the solution, and the rule “like dissolves like”. You will see how water pulls a salt crystal apart into hydrated ions. Then the chapter asks how much is dissolved. You will learn concentration, mass percentage and ppm (the chlorine in your drinking water). You will see saturated, unsaturated and supersaturated solutions, and crystals that grow overnight. Solubility curves show how temperature and pressure change how much dissolves (that is why a soda bottle fizzes when opened). Finally you will sort mixtures by particle size into true solutions, colloids and suspensions. A torch beam (the Tyndall effect) helps here. You will also read the labels on drinks to find stabilisers and preservatives. This self-study guide starts from the basics and explains every idea with animations and virtual labs. It answers every textbook question and ends with a revision sheet and a model test.
The chapter in one picture
Part 1: a salt crystal dissolves. The water molecules are polar (പോളാർ): their oxygen side is slightly negative (δ−) and their hydrogen side slightly positive (δ+). They surround each Na⁺ and Cl⁻ ion and carry it away as a hydrated ion (ജലയോജിത അയോണുകൾ, page 3). Part 2: a torch beam passes through a true solution (യഥാർഥ ലായനി) unseen, but its path is seen in a colloid (കൊളോയിഡുകൾ) and in a suspension (സസ്പെൻഷൻ). Only the suspension settles (page 7). The particles are drawn far bigger than they really are.
The chapter at a glance
🧪 Solutions and how much is dissolved
- Solute (ലീനം) + solvent (ലായകം) → solution (ലായനി), a homogeneous mixture
- Solid, liquid and gaseous solutions: brass, salt water, air
- Like dissolves like (സമാനമായത് സമാനമായതിനെ ലയിപ്പിക്കും): salt in water, paint in turpentine
- Mass percentage = mass of solute ÷ mass of solution × 100 · ppm
- Saturated, unsaturated, supersaturated · crystallization
- Solubility (ലേയത്വം): grams to saturate 100 g of solvent; depends on solute, solvent, temperature and pressure
🔦 Mixtures sorted by particle size
- True solution: 0.01–1 nm, clear, passes through filter paper, never settles
- Colloid (കൊളോയിഡുകൾ): 1–1000 nm, does not settle, shows the Tyndall effect (ടിൻഡൽ പ്രഭാവം) – milk, mist
- Suspension (സസ്പെൻഷൻ): more than 1000 nm, settles, can be filtered – muddy water
- Colloid types: gel, sol, emulsion, foam, aerosol …
- Drinks: stabilisers (സ്റ്റെബിലൈസറുകൾ) and preservatives (പ്രിസർവേറ്റീവുകൾ), reading labels
How to use this guide
🎬 Watch the animations
A salt crystal falls apart into hydrated ions, potassium permanganate colours the water, crystals grow on a thread and a torch beam lights up milk. Press Next ▶ or ▶▶ Auto play in the step-by-step boxes. Animations pause by themselves when you scroll away; click a lab to start its clock again.
🧪 Use the virtual labs
A dissolve-or-not sorter (water or turpentine?), the air pie chart, a mass-percentage calculator, a saturation lab with a temperature slider, solubility curves, a soda bottle with a pressure slider, a torch-beam lab and a drink-label reader. Experiments that need heat or acid are shown as safe virtual demonstrations.
✍️ Try before you see
Every textbook table is a fill-in table with a check button, and every question hides its answer behind a button. Work it out in your notebook first. The “Check yourself” quizzes at the end of each page tell you at once whether you are right.
📖 Textbook words
Purple മലയാളം words are the exact terms used in your textbook (pages 113–132), so you can match this guide with your book and write answers in either language.
🔇 Quiet and offline
The pages make no sound and need no internet. Optional “Explore online” boxes link to checked websites (no videos); they open only if you click them. Every page is a single file, so the whole guide works on a computer or phone with no connection.
Learning path
Follow the pages in order. If you already know mixtures, the states of matter, percentages and how to read a line graph, you can skim pages 1–2. Still try their quizzes, because the chapter uses these ideas on every page.
Quick glossary (Malayalam ↔ English)
| Textbook term | English | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ലായനികൾ · ലായനി | Solutions · solution | A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose components do not react with each other |
| ലീനം | Solute | The substance that dissolves (usually the smaller amount): salt in salt water |
| ലായകം | Solvent | The substance in which the solute dissolves (usually the larger amount): water in salt water |
| ഏകാത്മക മിശ്രിതങ്ങൾ · ഭിന്നാത്മക മിശ്രിതം | Homogeneous mixtures · heterogeneous mixture | The same properties in all parts (sugar water) · parts that differ and can be seen (sand in water) |
| ഖരലായനി · ദ്രാവകലായനി · വാതകലായനി | Solid / liquid / gaseous solution | Brass, ornament gold · salt water, soda water · air |
| ലോഹസങ്കരം | Alloy | A solid solution of metals (brass: zinc dissolved in copper) |
| ജലീയ ലായനി | Aqueous solution | A solution in water; water is always the solvent, whatever the amounts |
| ഓർഗാനിക് ലായകങ്ങൾ | Organic solvents | Alcohol, carbon disulphide (CS₂), benzene (C₆H₆), carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) |
| പോളാർ · നോൺപോളാർ | Polar · non-polar | Molecules with slightly charged ends (water) · without charged ends (kerosene, petrol) |
| സമാനമായത് സമാനമായതിനെ ലയിപ്പിക്കും | Like dissolves like | Polar and ionic solutes dissolve in polar solvents; non-polar solutes in non-polar solvents |
| ജലയോജിത അയോണുകൾ · അയോണിക ലായനി | Hydrated ions · ionic solution | Ions surrounded by water molecules · a solution of such ions (salt water) |
| സാർവിക ലായകം | Universal solvent | Water, because it dissolves so many substances |
| ടിൻഡൽ പ്രഭാവം | Tyndall effect | The path of a light beam becomes visible because colloid particles scatter the light |
| ടിഞ്ചർ അയോഡിൻ | Tincture of iodine | 2–3 % iodine in alcohol and water (with potassium iodide), used to clean wounds |
| ലായനിയുടെ ഗാഢത | Concentration of a solution | The amount of solute dissolved in a definite amount of solution |
| നേർത്ത ലായനി · ഗാഢലായനി | Dilute solution · concentrated solution | Little solute · much solute in the same amount of solution |
| മാസ് പെർസെന്റേജ് | Mass percentage | (mass of solute ÷ mass of solution) × 100 |
| പാർട്സ് പെർ മില്ല്യൺ (ppm) | Parts per million | Parts of solute in 10⁶ (one million) parts of solution: chlorine in drinking water about 4 ppm |
| പൂരിത ലായനി · അപൂരിത ലായനി | Saturated · unsaturated solution | The most solute that can dissolve at that temperature · less than that |
| അതിപൂരിത ലായനി | Supersaturated solution | More solute than needed to saturate at that temperature; unstable |
| വളരുന്ന പരൽ · പരലീകരണം | Growing crystals · crystallization | A seed crystal grows in a supersaturated solution · crystals forming as a supersaturated solution cools slowly |
| ലേയത്വം · ലേയത്വ കർവ് | Solubility · solubility curve | Grams of solute needed to saturate 100 g of solvent at a given temperature · its graph against temperature |
| അസാധാരണ ലേയത്വം · ഗ്ലോബേഴ്സ് സാൾട്ട് | Anomalous solubility · Glauber's salt | Solubility that rises and then falls with temperature · Na₂SO₄·10H₂O, which does this (peak at 32.4 °C) |
| യഥാർഥ ലായനി | True solution | Particles 0.01–1 nm; clear, do not settle, pass through filter paper |
| സസ്പെൻഷൻ | Suspension | Particles bigger than 1000 nm; visible, settle, can be filtered (chalk in water) |
| കൊളോയിഡുകൾ | Colloids | Particles 1–1000 nm; do not settle, pass through filter paper, show the Tyndall effect (milk) |
| ഡിസ്പേർഷൻ മീഡിയം · ഡിസ്പേർസ്ഡ് ഫേസ് | Dispersion medium · dispersed phase | The substance the colloid particles are spread through · the substance that forms the particles |
| മയോണൈസ് | Mayonnaise | An emulsion of vegetable oil in vinegar with egg white or milk |
| കൃത്രിമ പാനീയങ്ങൾ · സോഫ്റ്റ്ഡ്രിങ്കുകൾ | Artificial drinks · soft drinks | Factory-made drinks with added colours, flavours and chemicals · carbonated drinks with dissolved CO₂ |
| സ്റ്റെബിലൈസറുകൾ · പ്രിസർവേറ്റീവുകൾ | Stabilisers · preservatives | Substances that stop particles in a drink from settling · substances that keep food from spoiling |
🌐 Explore online (optional)
Want to go further? The teaching pages end with a few checked websites and simulations (no videos), and page 11 has the full resources hub. They need the internet; the guide itself works offline. To begin, read what chemists mean by a solution, or play with a simulation of dissolving and concentration:
- 📄 Solution (chemistry) Wikipedia
Solute, solvent and solution, with examples in all three states. - 📄 Solvent Wikipedia
Water, alcohol, turpentine and other solvents, polar and non-polar. - 🧪 Sugar and Salt Solutions (PhET simulation) PhET, University of Colorado Boulder
Watch salt break into hydrated ions while sugar molecules spread out. - 📄 Brass Wikipedia
An alloy of copper and zinc – a solid solution. - 📄 Hallmark Wikipedia
Go further: how gold purity like 916 (22 carat) is marked. - 🧪 Concentration (PhET simulation) PhET, University of Colorado Boulder
Add solute, add or remove water, and watch the concentration and saturation. - 📄 Mass fraction (chemistry) Wikipedia
Mass percentage = mass of solute ÷ mass of solution × 100. - 📄 Parts-per notation Wikipedia
What ppm means (chlorine in drinking water, CO₂ in air). - 🧪 Molarity (PhET simulation) PhET, University of Colorado Boulder
Go further: another way to measure concentration.
Made for self-learning. Works offline – every page is a single file; only the optional "Explore online" links need the internet. Study material prepared by Claude for Madhu's family study folder, October 2026.