Newton's Third Law – Action and Reaction ന്യൂട്ടന്റെ മൂന്നാം ചലനനിയമം
Why is it hard to run on beach sand? Why does a balloon zoom along a string when you let its air out, and how does a rocket climb with nothing to push against? One law answers all of these: forces always come in pairs. Five virtual labs on this page.
- Forces have a direction: choose one direction as positive (+); a force the other way is negative (−).
- Only an unbalanced external force (അസന്തുലിത ബാഹ്യബലം) changes the state of rest or motion of an object; internal forces (ആന്തരികബലം) are balanced.
- First law: with no unbalanced force, a moving object keeps moving uniformly – that is inertia (ജഡത്വം).
1. Walking on sand, mud and firm ground
2. Activity – the balloon rocket (Fig 3.12)
- ബലൂണിനുള്ളിലെ വായുവിന്റെ ചലനം ഏത് ദിശയിലാണ്? In which direction does the air inside the balloon move?
- ബലൂണിന്റെ ചലനദിശയോ? And the direction of motion of the balloon?
3. Activity – two spring balances (Fig 3.13)
- ഇവ ഒരേ ദിശയിലാണോ അതോ എതിർ ദിശകളിലാണോ? Are they in the same direction or in opposite directions?
Positive direction: to the right (towards the hand). Each arrow is drawn on the balance that the force acts on, and to scale.
| Pull on A (N) | Reading of A (N) | Reading of B (N) | Force of A on B | Force of B on A |
|---|
- In every row the two readings are equal: with 40 N, A reads 40 N and B reads 40 N.
- They act in opposite directions: A pulls B to the right (+40 N); B pulls A to the left (−40 N).
- The two forces act on different balances. ഈ രണ്ട് സ്പ്രിങ് ബാലൻസുകളിൽ ഒന്ന് കാണിച്ച റീഡിങ് ബലവും രണ്ടാമത്തെ സ്പ്രിങ് ബാലൻസ് കാണിച്ച റീഡിങ് പ്രതിബലവുമാണ്. The reading of one balance is the action (ബലം) and the reading of the other is the reaction (പ്രതിബലം).
ഏതൊരു ബലത്തിനും തുല്യവും വിപരീതവുമായ ഒരു പ്രതിബലം ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കും ഇതാണ് ന്യൂട്ടന്റെ മൂന്നാം ചലനനിയമം.
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This is Newton's third law of motion.
4. Pushing a car from inside
For each push, ask: are you part of the object you are pushing, or completely outside it? Where does the reaction of your push go?
5. Which comes first – action or reaction?
ബലവും പ്രതിബലവും ഒരേ സമയം വ്യത്യസ്ത വസ്തുക്കളിലാണ് അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്നത്. രണ്ടു വസ്തുക്കളിൽ ബലം അനുഭവപ്പെടുമ്പോൾ അവയിൽ ഒരു വസ്തുവിൽ അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്നത് ബലം (action) ആയും രണ്ടാമത്തെ വസ്തുവിൽ എതിർദിശയിൽ ഉളവാകുന്ന ബലം പ്രതിബലം (reaction) ആയും പരിഗണിക്കാം. ഇവ ജോഡികളായി മാത്രമേ പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നുള്ളൂ. ബലം ഉണ്ടെങ്കിൽ പ്രതിബലവും ഉണ്ടായിരിക്കും.
Action and reaction act at the same time on different objects. When two objects exert forces on each other, the force on one can be taken as the action and the opposite force produced on the second object as the reaction. They act only in pairs: if there is an action, there is a reaction.
6. Rowing, rockets and jumping from a boat
- തോണി തുഴയുമ്പോൾ ജലത്തെ പുറകോട്ട് തള്ളുന്നു. പക്ഷേ തോണി മുന്നോട്ട് പോകുന്നു. When we row a boat we push the water backwards, but the boat moves forwards.
- റോക്കറ്റ് ലോഞ്ചിങ് സമയത്ത് റോക്കറ്റിന്റെ ജ്വലന അറയിൽ ഇന്ധനം ജ്വലിച്ചുണ്ടാകുന്ന ഉയർന്ന മർദത്തിലുള്ള വാതകങ്ങൾ ഉന്നത വേഗത്തിൽ ഒരു ദിശയിൽ പോകുന്നു. പക്ഷേ റോക്കറ്റ് എതിർ ദിശയിൽ കുതിക്കുന്നു. During a rocket launch, the high-pressure gases formed by burning fuel in the combustion chamber rush out at high speed in one direction, but the rocket shoots off in the opposite direction (Fig 3.14).
- കരയ്ക്കടുത്തുള്ള തോണിയിൽ നിന്നും ഒരാൾ കരയിലോട്ട് ചാടുമ്പോൾ തോണി പുറകോട്ട് പോകുന്നു. When a person jumps from a boat near the shore onto the land, the boat moves backwards.
2. Rocket. The rocket pushes the hot, high-pressure gases downwards out of the nozzle at high speed (action, on the gases). The gases push the rocket upwards with an equal and opposite force (reaction, on the rocket) – the thrust. No air or ground is needed to “push against”; the rocket pushes its own exhaust.
3. Jumping from a boat. To jump towards the shore, your feet push the boat backwards (action, on the boat). The boat pushes you forwards towards the shore (reaction, on you). The boat, floating on water, is free to move, so it moves backwards. (That is why you can fall into the water if you jump from a light boat!)
In a vallam kali (snake-boat race) such as the Nehru Trophy at Punnamada lake, a hundred rowers push the water backwards in perfect rhythm – and the water pushes the long chundan vallam forwards. Rockets for ISRO's PSLV and LVM3 are designed at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre in Thiruvananthapuram and launched from Sriharikota: the hot gases rushing down out of the nozzles push an LVM3 of over 600 tonnes upwards.
7. Writing the third law with symbols (Fig 3.15)
Positive direction: to the right. F12 = +40 N acts on B; F21 = −40 N acts on A. The minus sign only says “opposite direction”. (In the textbook picture each arrow is printed under a balance; here each arrow is drawn on the object it acts on.)
F12 = −F21 ⇒ (+40 N) = −(−40 N)
8. The skater with a rocket pack (Fig 3.16)
The textbook shows a skater on a skateboard with a small rocket pack on his back, in three pictures: നിശ്ചലം (at rest), മൂന്നാം ചലനനിയമ പ്രകാരമുള്ള ചലനം (motion by the third law) and ജഡത്വം കാരണം ചലനം തുടരുന്നു (the motion continues because of inertia). Step through it – two laws work one after the other.
9. Answer and justify
- ബലവും പ്രതിബലവും തുല്യവും വിപരീതവും ആണല്ലോ. അങ്ങനെയെങ്കിൽ അവ പരസ്പരം നിർവീര്യമാക്കപ്പെടുമോ? Action and reaction are equal and opposite. Then do they cancel each other?
- ഐസിനു മുകളിൽ നിന്നുകൊണ്ട് ഒരു വാഹനം തള്ളി നീക്കാൻ ശ്രമിച്ചാൽ വാഹനം നീങ്ങുമോ? If you stand on ice and try to push a vehicle away, will the vehicle move?
(a) Forces cancel only when they act on the same object. (b) What stops you from moving backwards on ordinary ground? Is that there on ice?
Positive direction: to the right (towards the van). The van has a mass of 1500 kg.
(b) Practically no – you slide back instead. When you push the vehicle, it pushes you back with an equal and opposite force. On ordinary ground, friction on your feet stops you sliding back; on ice there is almost no friction, so the reaction pushes you backwards. The vehicle has a huge mass and its tyres grip the road (its brakes are on), so it hardly moves. Even if it were on ice too, the same force would give its large mass only a tiny acceleration (a = F/m), while your much smaller mass gets a large one.
Internal forces are balanced – why?
- ▶️ Launch of LVM3-M4/CHANDRAYAAN-3 Mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota YouTube – ISRO Official · 1:14:35
Full live stream of Chandrayaan-3's launch; skip ahead to the countdown and lift-off to see hot gases pushed down and the rocket pushed up. - ▶️ STEMonstrations: Newton's Third Law of Motion YouTube – NASA Johnson (NASA) · 3:07
An astronaut shows equal and opposite forces in weightlessness. - ▶️ Best Film on Newton's Third Law. Ever. YouTube – Veritasium · 4:38
Do the Earth and Moon pull on each other equally? A fun quiz on action and reaction. - ▶️ Balloon Rocket Science Experiment for Kids YouTube – TheDadLab · 1:40
Make your own balloon rocket on a string: air goes back, balloon goes forward. - 📄 Rocket Principles (NASA Glenn) NASA
NASA explains how Newton's three laws make a rocket fly. - 📄 Chandrayaan-3 (ISRO) ISRO
ISRO's official page on the Chandrayaan-3 mission launched by LVM3 from Sriharikota. - 📄 Newton's Third Law The Physics Classroom
Action-reaction pairs with examples like swimming, flying birds and rowing.