Weightlessness, Circular Motion & Satellites ഭാരമില്ലായ്മയും വർത്തുളചലനവും
Does an object lose its weight when it falls? Why does a stone on a string go round and round – and where does it go when you let go? And how do satellites, and Chandrayaan-3, use gravity instead of fighting it? Three virtual labs and a launch simulator on this page.
- Second law: net force = mass × acceleration. First law: with no net force, a body keeps moving in a straight line at steady speed.
- Velocity has a size (speed) and a direction; acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
- Weight W = mg; a spring balance shows the force with which the object pulls on its hook.
1. Free fall – the spring balance that reads zero നിർബാധ പതനം
ഒരു വസ്തുവിനെ ഉയരത്തിൽ നിന്ന് സ്വതന്ത്രമായി താഴേക്ക് വീഴാൻ അനുവദിച്ചാൽ അത് ഭൂമിയുടെ ആകർഷണബലത്താൽ മാത്രം ഭൂമിയിലേക്ക് പതിക്കും. ഇത്തരം ചലനമാണ് നിർബാധ പതനം.
When an object is allowed to fall freely from a height, it falls to the Earth under the Earth's gravitational force alone. Such a motion is called free fall.
In free fall the Earth still pulls the 20 g mass with mg = 0.02 × 9.8 = 0.196 N – that pull is exactly what makes it accelerate. What becomes zero is the force between the object and its support (the spring, the floor, your feet). Scientists call the spring-balance reading the apparent weight.
Virtual lab 1 – a spring balance in a lift
A lift is a box that can accelerate downwards. Hang the 20 g mass from the ceiling of the lift on a spring balance and change the lift's downward acceleration a. Press 📋 Record to enter each reading in the observation table.
| Lift's downward acceleration a (m/s²) | Gravity on the mass mg (N) | Spring-balance reading m(g − a) (N) | Reading in grams-weight |
|---|
- The pull of gravity on the mass, mg = 0.196 N, is the same in every row.
- The reading gets smaller as the downward acceleration grows: reading = m(g − a).
- When a = g (free fall) the reading is zero – weightlessness – although gravity still acts.
Two forces act on the mass: gravity mg (down) and the spring's pull T (up). The net force makes it accelerate downwards with a: mg − T = ma, so T = m(g − a). The spring balance shows T. If a = 0, T = mg (normal weight); if a = g, T = 0.
2. When do we feel weightless?
In a space station
Astronauts in the International Space Station – and India's Gaganyaan crew in future – float because the station and everything in it are falling freely around the Earth together.
A diver after leaving the board
From the moment the feet leave the board until the water, the diver is in free fall and feels no weight.
A skydiver at the start
In the first seconds after jumping, before the air pushes back strongly, the skydiver falls freely – the “stomach in the throat” feeling.
A lift whose cable breaks
Lift, people and spring balance all fall with acceleration g, so the floor no longer presses on the feet. (Real lifts have safety brakes.)
The drop on a festival ride
At the top of a fast giant wheel or a drop-tower ride at a temple festival or theme park, for a moment you seem to lift off the seat.
“Zero-g” flights
Special aircraft fly up-and-over curves so that the plane falls freely for about 20 s – astronauts train inside.
“There is no gravity in the space station.” False! At about 400 km up, g = 9.8 × (6400/6800)² ≈ 8.7 m/s² – about 89 % of its value on the ground. The astronauts float because they are falling all the time, not because gravity is missing.
Compare the acceleration of the object with the acceleration of its support (the spring balance, or the floor). Is anything pushing or pulling on the object besides gravity?
3. Circular motion വർത്തുളചലനം
The Moon going round the Earth · a giant wheel or merry-go-round (യന്ത്ര ഊഞ്ഞാൽ) at a temple festival · the tip of a fan blade · the tip of a clock's second hand · a cyclist on a circular track · clothes in a washing-machine drum · planets round the Sun · electrons round the nucleus.
- ഈ വസ്തുവിന് സമവേഗം ആണെങ്കിലും സമപ്രവേഗം ആയിരിക്കുമോ? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? The object has uniform speed (സമവേഗം) – but does it have uniform velocity (സമപ്രവേഗം)? Why?
- ഈ വസ്തുവിൽ ഏതെങ്കിലും ബലം അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്നുണ്ടോ? Does any force act on the object?
- ചരട് കൈയിൽ നിന്ന് വിട്ടാൽ കല്ല് ഏത് ദിശയിൽ ആയിരിക്കും ചലിക്കുക? തൊടുവരയിൽ കൂടിയായിരിക്കുമല്ലോ (ചിത്രം 4.16). If the string is let go, in which direction will the stone move? Along the tangent (തൊടുവര), of course (Fig 4.16).
(2) Yes – the string pulls the stone towards the centre all the time. Our hand supplies this pull.
(3) Along the tangent to the circle at the point of release, in a straight line (first law – no force now to bend its path).
Green arrow = velocity (along the tangent). Red arrow = force of the string (towards the centre). Double the speed and watch the red arrow grow four times.
പ്രവേഗമാറ്റത്തിന്റെ നിരക്കാണല്ലോ ത്വരണം. വർത്തുളപാതയിൽ സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്ന വസ്തുവിന്റെ ത്വരണമാണ് അഭികേന്ദ്രത്വരണം (centripetal acceleration). ഈ ത്വരണത്തിന് ആവശ്യമായ ബലമാണ് അഭികേന്ദ്രബലം (centripetal force). നമ്മുടെ കൈയല്ലേ ഇത് നൽകിയത്?
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. The acceleration of an object moving along a circular path – directed towards the centre – is the centripetal acceleration (അഭികേന്ദ്രത്വരണം). The force needed for this acceleration is the centripetal force (അഭികേന്ദ്രബലം). For the stone, our hand supplies it through the string.
| Circular motion | Centripetal force supplied by |
|---|---|
| Stone on a string | pull of the string (from your hand) |
| Electrons round the nucleus | electric attraction of the nucleus |
| Planets round the Sun | the Sun's gravity |
| Moon and artificial satellites round the Earth | the Earth's gravity |
| Riders on a giant wheel | the seats and frame of the wheel (together with gravity) |
| A bus turning a bend | friction between the tyres and the road |
4. Vehicles on a bend
ഒരു വസ്തുവിന്റെ സഞ്ചാരപാത പൂർണ്ണവൃത്തമല്ലെങ്കിലും ഒരു ചാപം (arc) മാത്രമാണെങ്കിലും അതിനെ വൃത്തപാതയായി കണക്കാക്കണം. അതിനാലാണ് വളവുകൾ തിരിയുന്ന സന്ദർഭങ്ങളിൽ വാഹനങ്ങൾ വൃത്തപാതയിലാണെന്ന് പറയുന്നത്.
Even if the path is not a full circle but only an arc, it should be treated as part of a circular path. That is why vehicles turning a bend are said to be moving on a circular path.
The ghat road from Kozhikode to Wayanad climbs through nine hairpin bends. KSRTC drivers slow right down at each one – especially in the monsoon, when a wet road grips the tyres only about half as well. Try it in the lab: at 30 km/h a 20 m hairpin is safe on a dry road, but the bus slides out on a wet one.
The centripetal force needed is F = mv²/r (m = mass, v = speed, r = radius of the bend). Double the speed → four times the force; half the radius (a sharper bend) → twice the force; a heavier vehicle needs more force. A heavier bus also presses harder on the road, so its tyres can grip harder too – which is why the safe speed on a bend is about the same for a car and a loaded bus, while a wet road or a sharper bend lowers it for everyone.
- 📄 What Is Microgravity? (Grades 5-8) NASA
NASA explains why astronauts float: the ISS and everything in it is in continuous free fall. - ▶️ Why Are Astronauts Weightless? YouTube – Veritasium · 3:41
Gravity at the ISS is still about 90% of Earth's – find out why astronauts float anyway. - ▶️ STEMonstrations: Newton's First Law of Motion YouTube – NASA Johnson · 4:20
Astronauts on the ISS show how objects move in microgravity. - 📄 Gaganyaan – ISRO ISRO
India's human spaceflight programme that will send Indian astronauts (gaganyatris) to orbit. - ▶️ Gaganyaan: Just the beginning YouTube – ISRO Official · 1:03
ISRO's short film on the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission. - 🧪 Ladybug Revolution PhET
Put ladybugs on a spinning turntable and watch velocity and acceleration arrows – acceleration points to the centre. - ▶️ Centripetal Force YouTube – Planet Nutshell · 1:46
A quick animated explanation of the centre-seeking force needed for circular motion. - ▶️ Centripetal force | Physics | Khan Academy YouTube – Khan Academy · 13:40
Longer Khan Academy lesson on what provides the centripetal force in different situations.
5. Satellites – gravity as the centripetal force
| Launch speed (km/s) | What happened |
|---|---|
| press 💥 Fire – each launch is recorded here | |
The cannon sits 200 km up (above the air, so there is no drag). The mountain is drawn far taller than scale. The path is worked out step by step from the Earth's gravity alone.
Below about 7.8 km/s (from 200 km; ≈ 7.9 km/s just above the surface) the ball falls back. At about that speed it goes all the way round – an orbit: gravity is used entirely as the centripetal force. Faster still and the orbit becomes a stretched ellipse; at about 11 km/s it escapes for good.
6. Chandrayaan-3 and the soft landing
| Thrust (× Moon weight) | Touch-down speed (m/s) | Result |
|---|---|---|
| press ⬇ Start the descent – each landing is recorded here | ||
The lander starts 150 m above the surface, already moving down at 10 m/s, and the Moon's gravity (1.62 m/s²) keeps speeding it up. The legs survive a touch-down at up to about 3 m/s. Thrust 1 only cancels the weight – the speed stays 10 m/s. Find the thrust that brakes it gently.
Chandrayaan-3 was launched on 14 July 2023 by the LVM3 rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The Vikram lander touched down near the Moon's south pole on 23 August 2023 – India became the first country to land near the lunar south pole. The Pragyan rover then rolled out to study the soil. 23 August is now celebrated as National Space Day.
- 📄 Chandrayaan-3 – ISRO ISRO
Official ISRO page on India's Moon landing mission (soft landing near the lunar south pole, 23 Aug 2023). - ▶️ Chandrayaan-3 Mission Soft-landing LIVE Telecast YouTube – ISRO Official · 1:11:16
ISRO's official live broadcast of Vikram lander touching down on the Moon (landing near the end). - 📄 Aditya-L1 – ISRO ISRO
India's Sun-watching spacecraft parked at the L1 point, where Earth's and Sun's gravity balance. - ▶️ Launch of PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota YouTube – ISRO Official · 1:50:56
Official ISRO broadcast of the PSLV launch carrying Aditya-L1. - 📄 PSLV – ISRO ISRO
ISRO's workhorse rocket that places satellites into orbit.