Chemistry രസതന്ത്രം

Discharge tubes and cathode rays, electrons, protons and neutrons, the Thomson, Rutherford and Bohr models, atomic and mass number, electron configuration, isotopes and isobars.

Mendeleev to Moseley, the modern periodic law, periods and groups from electron configuration, element families, noble gases, transition elements and the size of atoms.

The octet rule, ionic bonds by electron transfer, covalent single, double and triple bonds, electronegativity and polarity, hydrogen bonds, valency and writing formulae of compounds, acids, bases and salts.

Conservation of mass, balancing chemical equations, oxidation and reduction as electron loss and gain, oxidising and reducing agents, oxidation numbers and redox reactions in daily life.

Combination, decomposition, double decomposition and displacement reactions, rate of reaction, collision theory and threshold energy, and how nature, concentration, surface area, temperature and catalysts change the rate.

Solute, solvent and solution, like dissolves like, concentration and mass percentage, saturated and supersaturated solutions, solubility curves, suspensions, colloids and the Tyndall effect, drinks and food additives.

Hydrogen and calorific value, the allotropes of carbon (diamond, graphite, graphene, fullerene), CO₂ and CO, nitrogen and fertilisers, oxygen and the ozone layer, chlorine and bleaching.

Hydrocarbons – alkanes, alkenes and alkynes – structural and molecular formulae, homologous series, IUPAC names, ring compounds and benzene, petroleum, coal, natural gas and global warming.