Oxidising and Reducing Agents ഓക്സീകാരിയും നിരോക്സീകാരിയും
An electron cannot be lost unless someone takes it. So in every reaction of this kind there are two partners: one that takes electrons and so causes oxidation – the oxidising agent – and one that gives electrons and so causes reduction – the reducing agent. Here you find them in 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl, read the book's arrow diagrams, fill in the textbook table and test yourself in the agent-finder lab.
1. Who is oxidised in 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl?
സോഡിയം ക്ലോറൈഡ് രൂപീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്ന രാസപ്രവർത്തനത്തിന്റെ സമവാക്യം നോക്കൂ. – Look at the equation of the reaction in which sodium chloride is formed:
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl
Question (page 77). ഇവിടെ ഏത് ആറ്റമാണ് ഓക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത് ? Which atom is oxidised here?
Question (page 77). ഓക്സീകരണത്തിന് സഹായിച്ച ആറ്റം ഏതാണ്? (സോഡിയം/ക്ലോറിൻ) Which atom helped the oxidation? (sodium / chlorine)
ഓക്സീകരണത്തിന് സഹായിക്കുന്നതാണ് ഓക്സീകാരി (Oxidising agent). ഒരു രാസപ്രവർത്തനത്തിൽ ഓക്സീകാരി നിരോക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.
The substance that helps oxidation is the oxidising agent ഓക്സീകാരി. In a chemical reaction the oxidising agent is reduced നിരോക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.
2. Who is reduced, and who helped?
മുകളിൽ നൽകിയ രാസപ്രവർത്തനത്തിൽ ക്ലോറിൻ നിരോക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു. – In the reaction above, chlorine is reduced (each Cl atom gains an electron: Cl + 1e− → Cl−).
Question (page 77). നിരോക്സീകരണത്തിന് സഹായിച്ച ആറ്റമേത്? (സോഡിയം/ക്ലോറിൻ) Which atom helped the reduction? (sodium / chlorine)
നിരോക്സീകരണത്തിന് സഹായിക്കുന്നതാണ് നിരോക്സീകാരി (Reducing agent). രാസപ്രവർത്തനത്തിൽ നിരോക്സീകാരി ഓക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.
The substance that helps reduction is the reducing agent നിരോക്സീകാരി. In a chemical reaction the reducing agent is oxidised ഓക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു.
| In 2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl | Sodium (Na) സോഡിയം | Chlorine (Cl) ക്ലോറിൻ |
|---|---|---|
| Electrons | each atom loses 1 | each atom gains 1 |
| Half-equation | Na → Na+ + 1e− | Cl + 1e− → Cl− |
| What happens to it | oxidised ഓക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു | reduced നിരോക്സീകരിക്കപ്പെടുന്നു |
| What it does to the other | gives electrons → helps reduction | takes electrons → helps oxidation |
| Its name | reducing agent നിരോക്സീകാരി | oxidising agent ഓക്സീകാരി |
Think of a football pass after school: the boy who passes the ball loses it, but he is the one who makes his friend receive it. In the same way the reducing agent gives electrons (it is oxidised) and that is exactly what makes the other substance reduced. An agent is named after what it does to the other, not what happens to itself.
3. The book's arrow diagrams
ചുവടെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള ചിത്രീകരണങ്ങൾ ശ്രദ്ധിക്കുക. – Look at the diagrams below. The top arrow follows the substance that is oxidised into the product; the bottom arrow follows the substance that is reduced.
4. Complete the table (? box, page 78)
ചുവടെ നൽകിയിട്ടുള്ള രാസസമവാക്യങ്ങൾ വിലയിരുത്തി പട്ടിക പൂർത്തിയാക്കുക. Evaluate the chemical equations given below and complete the table.
Type half-equations with ordinary keys: Ca -> Ca2+ + 2e- (the preview shows Ca → Ca2+ + 2e−). Agents: a symbol such as Mg or Cl.
2) Ca → Ca2+ + 2e−; Cl + 1e− → Cl−. Oxidising agent Cl (chlorine); reducing agent Ca.
3) Fe → Fe3+ + 3e−; O + 2e− → O2−. Oxidising agent O (oxygen); reducing agent Fe. Electron check: 4 Fe × 3 = 12 electrons lost; 6 O × 2 = 12 electrons gained.
5. Virtual lab: the agent finder
Pick a reaction. First answer the three questions, then press Transfer the electrons to check: the electrons fly from the substance that is oxidised (the reducing agent) to the substance that is reduced (the oxidising agent).
- Oxygen is the most common oxidising agent: it takes electrons from iron when a gate or a fishing boat rusts in the salty sea air, and from fuel when firewood or LPG burns.
- Chlorine compounds (bleaching powder put into wells after the monsoon) are oxidising agents that kill germs.
- Carbon (coke) is a reducing agent: in a blast furnace it takes oxygen away from iron ore and gives iron (go further – page 11).
- “The oxidising agent is oxidised” ✗ – it is reduced; it takes electrons from the other substance.
- “The reducing agent is reduced” ✗ – it is oxidised; it gives electrons away.
- Naming the product as an agent ✗ “NaCl is the oxidising agent” – agents are always reactants.
- Forgetting to count all atoms ✗ in 4Fe + 3O2 the electrons lost (4 × 3 = 12) must equal those gained (6 × 2 = 12).
- 📄 Redox Wikipedia
Oxidation and reduction always happen together. - 📄 Oxidizing agent Wikipedia
Substances that take electrons and so oxidise others. - 📄 Reducing agent Wikipedia
Substances that give electrons and so reduce others.
6. Check yourself
- Oxidising agent ഓക്സീകാരി: helps oxidation by taking electrons – it is itself reduced (Cl2, O2, F2).
- Reducing agent നിരോക്സീകാരി: helps reduction by giving electrons – it is itself oxidised (Na, Mg, Ca, Fe).
- 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl: Na oxidised, reducing agent; Cl2 reduced, oxidising agent. Same pattern for 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO.
- Electrons lost by the reducing agent = electrons gained by the oxidising agent.
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