Chapter 1 · In-text questionsTextbook pages 8–22

In-text Questions – Solutions പ്രകാശത്തിന്റെ അപവർത്തനം

Every question asked inside the chapter, in the order of the book, each with a model answer, the reason why, and an animated ray diagram: the laser tank, Tables 1.2 and 1.3, the diamond, Fig 1.8, the glass slab, coins, ponds and fishing, twinkling stars and the late sunset, Fig 1.17 and Fig 1.18, the aquarium, the mirage, reflectors, periscopes and Table 1.4. Try each one in your science diary സയൻസ് ഡയറി first, then open the solution.

📖 What you need (pages 5–11 of this guide)

1 · Light changes direction (pp 8–11)

Laser tank (Fig 1.2, 1.3). A glass tank is ¾ filled with water with a drop of milk; the rest is filled with incense smoke and a laser is shone in obliquely, then perpendicularly.

Count the media the beam passes through, then look at the beam in each one and at the place where it crosses from one to the other. Set the slider to 0° for the perpendicular case.

⚠ Never shine a laser torch into anyone's eyes (or at a mirror towards a face); an adult should handle the laser. Light the incense stick only with an adult present.
🧪 Try it – the laser tank (Fig 1.2 and 1.3)
• The ray travels through air (with smoke) and water – two media മാധ്യമം.
• Within one medium the path is a straight line.
• Entering the second medium obliquely, the ray does change direction.
• The change happens at the interface വിഭജനതലം – the water surface.
• A ray falling perpendicularly (along the normal) goes straight on – no change of direction (Fig 1.3).

Toy car (Fig 1.4). ഒരു മാധ്യമത്തിൽ നിന്ന് മറ്റൊരു മാധ്യമത്തിലേക്ക് പ്രകാശം ചരിഞ്ഞ് കടക്കുമ്പോൾ പ്രകാശപാതയ്ക്ക് വ്യതിയാനം സംഭവിക്കാറുണ്ട്. കാരണമെന്തായിരിക്കും? When light passes obliquely from one medium into another its path changes. What could be the reason? A toy car runs from a smooth surface onto a rough one:

🧪 Try it – run the toy car
Press ▶ Run the car.
• Yes, the car's direction changes, and it happens at the boundary between the two surfaces.
• No, the speeds differ: the car is slower on the rough surface. The wheel that reaches the rough part first slows down first, so the car turns.
• Light behaves the same way: its speed is different in different media (Table 1.1), and this change of speed changes its direction.
• Order of optical density: air < water < glass < diamond (speed 3, 2.25, 2, 1.25 × 10⁸ m/s – the slower, the denser).

The broken straw (Fig 1.5, 1.6).

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.6 (a) and (b)
• Before water: light from B reaches the eye through one medium (air) – no change of direction.
• After water: light from B bends at the water surface (water → air, bends away from the normal). The eye traces it straight back and sees B at C, higher up. The dipped part of the straw is seen raised, so the straw looks broken at the water surface – this is refraction അപവർത്തനം.

2 · Table 1.2 – find the refractive index

ചില മാധ്യമങ്ങളിലൂടെയുള്ള പ്രകാശവേഗം പട്ടികയിൽ നല്കിയിരിക്കുന്നു. ഓരോ മാധ്യമത്തിന്റേയും അപവർത്തനാങ്കം കണ്ടെത്തി പട്ടിക പൂർത്തീകരിക്കൂ. The speed of light in some media is given in the table. Find the refractive index of each medium and complete the table.

Medium മാധ്യമംSpeed of light (v) പ്രകാശവേഗംRefractive index (n) അപവർത്തനാങ്കം
Air3 × 10⁸ m/sn = c/v = (3 × 10⁸ m/s) ÷ (3 × 10⁸ m/s) = 1
Glass2 × 10⁸ m/s?
Water2.25 × 10⁸ m/s?

n = c / v. Divide the speed in vacuum (3 × 10⁸ m/s) by the speed in the medium. The “× 10⁸” and the “m/s” are the same on top and bottom, so they cancel.

🎬 Solution in exam layout – Given → Formula → Substitution → Answer
🧪 Try it – any speed → refractive index

The slower the light, the bigger n. At 3 × 10⁸ m/s (vacuum/air) n = 1 – the smallest possible value.

Answer: c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s; n = c / v.
Glass: n = (3 × 10⁸ m/s) ÷ (2 × 10⁸ m/s) = 3/2 = 1.5.
Water: n = (3 × 10⁸ m/s) ÷ (2.25 × 10⁸ m/s) = 4/3 ≈ 1.33.
(No unit – it is a ratio of two speeds.)
⚠️ Common trap

Writing “1.5 m/s”. The units cancel (m/s ÷ m/s), so a refractive index has no unit. And always divide c by v – never v by c (that would give a number less than 1).

3 · Speed of light in diamond

വജ്രത്തിന്റെ (diamond) അപവർത്തനാങ്കം 2.4 ആണ്. വജ്രത്തിൽ കൂടിയുള്ള പ്രകാശവേഗം എത്രയായിരിക്കും? The refractive index of diamond is 2.4. What will be the speed of light through diamond?

Rearrange n = c / v to get v = c / n, then divide 3 by 2.4 and keep the × 10⁸.

🎬 Solution in exam layout
🧪 Try it – refractive index → speed
Answer: n = 2.4, c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s.
v = c / n = (3 × 10⁸) ÷ 2.4 = 1.25 × 10⁸ m/s – the same value as in Table 1.1.
💡 Why this matters

Light crawls through diamond at less than half its speed in air. That huge slowing (and the tiny critical angle it causes, about 24°) is why a diamond in a jeweller's shop in Thrissur sparkles so much more than a glass bead.

4 · How is the speed of light related to the refractive index?

പ്രകാശവേഗം അപവർത്തനാങ്കവുമായി എങ്ങനെ ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു? How is the speed of light related to the refractive index? പ്രകാശികസാന്ദ്രത അപവർത്തനാങ്കവുമായി എങ്ങനെ ബന്ധപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നുവെന്ന് സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ കുറിക്കൂ. Write in your science diary how optical density is related to the refractive index.

Look at Table 1.1 and your completed Table 1.2 side by side: as the speed goes down, what happens to n?

📈 The density ladder – one ray through air, water, glass and diamond
The greater the refractive index, the lower the speed of light in the medium (n = c / v: v goes down when n goes up – an inverse relation).
Optical density and refractive index go together: a medium with a higher refractive index is optically denser. So: optical density ↑ ⇔ refractive index ↑ ⇔ speed of light ↓.

5 · Air → water and water → air (Fig 1.7, Table 1.3)

വായുവിൽ നിന്ന് ജലത്തിലേക്കും ജലത്തിൽ നിന്ന് വായുവിലേക്കും ഒരേ പതനകോണിൽ പ്രവേശിക്കുമ്പോൾ പ്രകാശത്തിനുണ്ടാകുന്ന ദിശാവ്യതിയാനം ഒരുപോലെ ആയിരിക്കുമോ? When light enters water from air and air from water at the same angle of incidence, will the change of direction be the same?

ഓരോ ചിത്രത്തിലേയും പതനരശ്മി, അപവർത്തനരശ്മി, പതനകോൺ, അപവർത്തനകോൺ എന്നിവ കണ്ടെത്തി പട്ടിക പൂർത്തീകരിക്കൂ. Find the incident ray പതനരശ്മി, refracted ray അപവർത്തനരശ്മി, angle of incidence and angle of refraction in each figure and complete Table 1.3. Then:

The incident ray goes into the point where it meets the surface; the refracted ray comes out of it in the second medium. Both angles are measured from the normal NN′. Compare r with i.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.7 (a) and (b)
Fig 1.7 (a) – air → waterFig 1.7 (b) – water → air
Incident ray പതനരശ്മിAB?
Refracted ray അപവർത്തനരശ്മി??
Angle of incidence (i)∠ABN?
Angle of refraction (r)∠CBN′?
r more / less than i??
Table 1.3: (a) incident ray AB, refracted ray BC, i = ∠ABN, r = ∠CBN′, r is less than i. (b) incident ray PO, refracted ray OR, i = ∠PON′, r = ∠RON, r is greater than i.
No, the deviation is not the same. Air → water: the ray bends towards the normal ലംബത്തോട് അടുക്കുന്നു. Water → air: it bends away from the normal ലംബത്തിൽ നിന്ന് അകലുന്നു.
🚀 Go further – how much does it bend? (not in the textbook)

Snell's law, n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r, gives the exact angle. Air → water at 30°: sin r = sin 30° ÷ 1.33 → r ≈ 22.1°. Water → air at 30°: sin r = 1.33 × sin 30° → r ≈ 41.7°. The animation is drawn with these values.

6 · Fig 1.8 – six media pairs, questions (a)–(e)

വ്യത്യസ്ത മാധ്യമജോഡികളിൽ കൂടി പ്രകാശം കടന്നു പോകുന്ന ചിത്രങ്ങൾ നിരീക്ഷിക്കൂ. മാധ്യമങ്ങളുടെ പ്രകാശികസാന്ദ്രതയുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ ചുവടെ നൽകിയ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്ക് ഉത്തരം കണ്ടെത്തി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തൂ. Observe the figures of light passing through different pairs of media. Answer on the basis of optical density:

  1. പ്രകാശികസാന്ദ്രത കൂടിയ മാധ്യമത്തിൽ നിന്ന് കുറഞ്ഞ മാധ്യമത്തിലേക്ക് പ്രകാശരശ്മി ചരിഞ്ഞ് പ്രവേശിക്കുന്നതായി കാണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന ചിത്രങ്ങൾ ഏതൊക്കെയാണ്? Which figures show a ray entering obliquely from an optically denser medium into a rarer one?
  2. ഇവിടെ അപവർത്തനം സംഭവിക്കുന്ന രശ്മിയുടെ ദിശാവ്യതിയാനം എപ്രകാരമാണ്? (ലംബത്തിനടുത്തേക്ക് / ലംബത്തിൽ നിന്ന് അകലേക്ക്) How does the refracted ray deviate here? (towards / away from the normal)
  3. അപവർത്തനരശ്മി ലംബത്തോട് അടുക്കുന്ന സന്ദർഭങ്ങൾ വ്യക്തമാക്കുന്ന ചിത്രങ്ങൾ ഏതൊക്കെയാണ്? Which figures show the refracted ray bending towards the normal?
  4. ലംബത്തോട് അടുക്കുന്ന സന്ദർഭങ്ങളിൽ പ്രകാശം ഏത് മാധ്യമത്തിൽ നിന്ന് ഏത് മാധ്യമത്തിലേക്കാണ് കടന്നു പോകുന്നത്? In those cases, from which medium into which does the light pass? (denser → rarer / rarer → denser)
  5. ചിത്രം 1.8 (c), 1.8 (e) എന്നിവയിൽ പ്രകാശത്തിന് അപവർത്തനം സംഭവിക്കുന്നില്ല. കാരണം എന്തായിരിക്കും? In Fig 1.8 (c) and (e) the light is not refracted. What is the reason?

For each figure write “first medium → second medium” in the direction of the arrow. Then use air < water < glass. A vertical ray falls along the normal.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.8 (a)–(f), one question at a time
🗂️ Sorter – tap how the ray behaves in each figure
Score: 0 / 0
(a) Fig 1.8 (b) – glass → water (denser → rarer, oblique).
(b) It bends away from the normal.
(c) Fig 1.8 (a), (d) and (f).
(d) From an optically rarer to a denser medium (air → water, air → glass).
(e) In (c) and (e) the ray falls perpendicularly on the interface – along the normal (i = 0°), so its direction does not change.
🔑 Key box – the rules of refraction (p 14)

① The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence പതനബിന്ദു lie in the same plane. ② Rarer → denser obliquely: the refracted ray bends towards the normal. ③ Denser → rarer obliquely: it bends away from the normal. ④ A ray falling normally on the interface is not refracted.

7 · Refraction in a glass slab (Fig 1.9)

The ray crosses two surfaces: air → glass at Q and glass → air at R. Draw the normal at each point first, then decide towards / away.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.9 (b): the path P → Q → R → S
🧪 Try it – turn the laser
• Refraction happens at Q (air → glass: bends towards the normal) and at R (glass → air: bends away from the normal) – at both surfaces of the slab.
• Diagram: as in the animation – normals at Q and R, i and r marked. The emergent ray RS comes out parallel to the incident ray PQ, shifted sideways (extra).
• Light falling perpendicularly on the slab passes straight through – no refraction.

8 · Coins, letters, ponds and fishing (pp 15)

Coin in a bowl (Fig 1.10). A coin is placed in a bowl; you walk back until it just disappears, and a friend pours water in. എന്ത് നിരീക്ഷിക്കുന്നു? ചിത്രം വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് കാരണം കണ്ടെത്തൂ. What do you observe? Analyse the figure and find the reason.

Without water, a straight line from the coin to your eye hits the rim. With water, where does the light from the coin bend, and which way?

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.10 (a) and (b)
The coin becomes visible again. Light from the coin is refracted at the water surface – water → air, so it bends away from the normal – and now reaches the eye over the rim. The eye sees the coin along the bent ray, so the coin appears raised.

All four are the same idea: light from an object under water (or glass) bends away from the normal as it comes out, and the eye traces it back in a straight line. Use the explorer below and change the viewing angle.

🧪 Try it – the pond-depth and fishing explorer

Drag towards 80°: the farther away you stand (the more slanting your view), the shallower the pond looks.

• Letters under a slab: light from the letters bends away from the normal as it leaves the glass (glass → air). The eye traces the rays back to a point above the letters, so they appear raised.
• Coin in the tank: no, it is not easy. Light from the coin is refracted at the water surface, so the coin is seen at a raised, shifted position – not where it really is. The hand goes to the image, not the coin.
• Pond from far away: from far, the light from the bottom leaves the water at a larger angle of incidence and bends away from the normal much more, so the apparent bottom is raised more – the pond looks shallower than from close by.
• Fishing: the fish is seen higher than it really is (raised by refraction), so the arrow must be aimed a little below the image to hit the real fish.
⚠️ Safety – ponds are deeper than they look

Because of refraction, a temple pond or a quarry pool looks shallower than it really is – especially when seen from the bank, at a slant. Never jump in to “test” the depth.

9 · Twinkling stars and the late sunset (Fig 1.12, 1.13)

നക്ഷത്രങ്ങൾ മിന്നിത്തിളങ്ങാൻ കാരണം എന്തായിരിക്കും? Why do stars twinkle നക്ഷത്രങ്ങളുടെ മിന്നിത്തിളക്കം?

The atmosphere is made of layers whose temperature and pressure keep changing. What does that do to the optical density, and so to the bending at each layer?

🧪 Try it – a twinkling star (bending exaggerated)
Press ▶ Let the air move.
• No – starlight does not reach us along a straight line.
• The physical conditions of the atmospheric layers (pressure, temperature …) keep changing, so the optical density of the medium the light passes through keeps changing. The light is therefore refracted irregularly – a zig-zag path.
• After these irregular refractions, the light reaching the eye seems to come from a slightly different place, with a slightly different brightness, from moment to moment. The star's apparent position and brightness keep changing – it twinkles. (Stars are so far away that they are points of light; planets look like tiny discs, so they twinkle much less – extra.)

സൂര്യൻ പടിഞ്ഞാറൻ ചക്രവാളം കടന്നു പോയതിനു ശേഷവും സൂര്യബിംബം അല്പ സമയം കൂടി കാണാൻ കഴിയും. അതുപോലെ തന്നെ രാവിലെ കിഴക്കൻ ചക്രവാളത്തിൽ എത്തുന്നതിന് അല്പം മുമ്പും സൂര്യനെ കാണാൻ കഴിയും. എന്തായിരിക്കും കാരണം? The Sun can be seen for a short while even after it has gone below the western horizon ചക്രവാളം; similarly it can be seen a little before it reaches the eastern horizon in the morning. What is the reason? ചിത്രം 1.13 വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് വിശദീകരണം സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക. (Analyse Fig 1.13 and write the explanation in your science diary.)

Going down through the atmosphere, the air gets denser. Which way does light bend going from rarer to denser? Then: where does the eye think the light came from?

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.13: real and apparent position of the Sun
This is atmospheric refraction അന്തരീക്ഷത്തിലെ അപവർത്തനം. The layers of the atmosphere become denser closer to the Earth. Light from the Sun, even when the Sun is just below the horizon, enters these layers from rarer to denser air and keeps bending towards the normal, so its path curves down and reaches our eyes. We see the Sun along the direction in which the light arrives – at an apparent position above the horizon, higher than its real position. So we see the Sun for a little while after sunset and a little before sunrise (about 2 minutes each – extra).
💡 Why this matters

At Kanyakumari or Kovalam, the red Sun you watch “touching the sea” has, in reality, already slipped below the horizon. Atmospheric refraction also flattens the setting Sun into an oval.

10 · Does every oblique ray refract? (Fig 1.14, 1.15)

⚠ Never shine a laser torch into anyone's eyes (or at a mirror towards a face); an adult should handle the laser.
🧪 Try it – laser from below the water surface (Fig 1.15)
• No. When light goes from a denser to a rarer medium at a large enough angle, it is not refracted at all – it is reflected back completely (total internal reflection).
• Fibre lamp: light inside each fibre keeps striking the walls at angles greater than the critical angle, so it is totally reflected again and again and comes out only at the tips.
• Tank: the light passes through water and air; it goes from water to air – denser → rarer.
• As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction also increases (the refracted ray moves closer to the surface).
• When the angle of incidence goes beyond a certain value (the critical angle, ≈ 48.6° for water), the ray is not refracted – it is reflected completely back into the water.

11 · The semicircular glass block (Fig 1.16, 1.17)

The ray enters through the curved face along a radius, so it does not bend there. All the action is at B, on the flat face, where glass meets air.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.17 (a), (b), (c)
🧪 Try it – the semicircular block (Fig 1.16)

The faint ray inside is the weak partial reflection that always happens (extra). Watch it become the whole beam once i passes the critical angle.

• The ray goes from glass to air – denser → rarer.
• As the angle of incidence increases, the angle of refraction also increases (35° → 60°, 42° → 90°).
• When r = 90°, i = 42°. This is the critical angle of glass (glass–air).
• When i is greater than 42° (e.g. 43°), the ray is not refracted: it is reflected completely back into the glass (at 43°) – total internal reflection.
🚀 Go further – where does 42° come from? (not in the textbook)

At the critical angle r = 90°, so Snell's law gives n sin C = 1 × sin 90°, i.e. sin C = 1/n. For glass (n = 1.5): C = sin⁻¹(1/1.5) ≈ 41.8° ≈ 42°. For water (n = 1.333): C ≈ 48.6°. For diamond (2.42): C ≈ 24.4°.

12 · Fig 1.18 – which rays are totally reflected?

വിവിധ മാധ്യമങ്ങളിലൂടെയുള്ള പ്രകാശപാത തന്നിരിക്കുന്നു. ചിത്രങ്ങൾ വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്ക് ഉത്തരം കണ്ടെത്തൂ. The paths of light through different media are given. Analyse the figures and answer:

  1. പൂർണ്ണാന്തര പ്രതിപതനം സംഭവിക്കുന്നതായി കാണിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന ചിത്രങ്ങൾ ഏതെല്ലാം? Which figures show total internal reflection?
  2. ഇവിടെ ഗ്ലാസിന്റെ ക്രിട്ടിക്കൽ കോൺ എത്രയാണ്? What is the critical angle of glass here?
  3. ജലത്തിൽനിന്നു 50° കോണളവിൽ വായുവിലേക്കു പതിക്കുന്ന പ്രകാശത്തിന് പൂർണ്ണാന്തര പ്രതിപതനം സംഭവിക്കുമോ? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? ജലം-വായു ജോഡികളുടെ ക്രിട്ടിക്കൽ കോൺ എത്രയാണ്? Will light falling from water into air at 50° undergo total internal reflection? Why? What is the critical angle of the water–air pair?
  4. പൂർണ്ണാന്തര പ്രതിപതനം സംഭവിക്കാൻ അവശ്യം വേണ്ട രണ്ട് സാഹചര്യങ്ങൾ ഏതൊക്കെയാണ്? What are the two conditions necessary for total internal reflection?

A ray that comes back down has been totally reflected. A ray that skims along the surface (r = 90°) tells you the critical angle. When only one medium is named, the other is air.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.18 (a)–(e)
(a) Fig 1.18 (a) and (e).
(b) The critical angle of glass is 42° (Fig (d): at i = 42°, r = 90°).
(c) Yes. Fig (b) shows that at 48.6° the ray in water grazes the surface, so the critical angle of the water–air pair is 48.6°. 50° is greater than 48.6°, so the light is totally internally reflected.
(d) ① Light must travel from an optically denser to a rarer medium. ② The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle.
🔑 Key box (p 19)

Critical angle: for light going from a denser to a rarer medium, the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90°. Glass–air: 42°. Total internal reflection: when light travels from a denser to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle, it is not refracted but reflected completely back into the same medium. (When a critical angle is given for one medium only, the second medium is air or vacuum.)

13 · The aquarium (Fig 1.19)

ചിത്രം 1.19 നിരീക്ഷിക്കൂ. ഇവിടെ അക്വേറിയത്തിന്റെ അടിത്തട്ട് ജലോപരിതലത്തിന് മുകളിലായി കാണുവാനുള്ള കാരണം എന്തായിരിക്കും? Observe Fig 1.19. Why is the bottom of the aquarium seen above the water surface? ജലോപരിതലത്തിൽ നിന്ന് അക്വേറിയത്തിന്റെ അടിത്തട്ടിലേക്കുള്ള ദൂരവും പൂർണ്ണാന്തരപ്രതിപതനം മൂലമുണ്ടായ പ്രതിബിംബത്തിലേക്കുള്ള ദൂരവും തുല്യമല്ലേ? (Aren't the distance from the water surface to the bottom and the distance to the image formed by total internal reflection equal?)

She is looking up at the water surface from below and from the side. At what angle does light from the bottom meet that surface?

🎬 Solution animation – the water surface as a perfect mirror
Light from the bottom of the aquarium meets the water surface from below at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle of water (48.6°). It is totally internally reflected and reaches her eye. Her eye traces the light back and sees the bottom above the water surface – the surface acts like a plane mirror സമതല ദർപ്പണം. Yes, as with a plane mirror, the image പ്രതിബിംബം is as far above the surface as the bottom is below it.

14 · The mirage on a summer road (Fig 1.21)

വേനൽക്കാലത്ത് റോഡിൽ അകലെ വെള്ളം കിടക്കുന്നതായി തോന്നുന്നതിനുള്ള കാരണം എന്തായിരിക്കും? In summer, why does the road far ahead seem to have water lying on it? (“Look, water on the road, drive carefully, Amma!” – from the opening page.)

Hot air is optically rarer. Near the road the air is hottest. Follow a ray from the top of a tree downwards through rarer and rarer layers.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.21
The air close to the hot road is the hottest, so it is optically rarer; going up, the air gradually becomes denser. Light from distant objects (trees, the sky) passing down through these layers goes from denser to rarer air again and again, bending away from the normal more and more. Near the road the angle of incidence becomes greater than the critical angle and the light is totally internally reflected upwards to our eyes. We see an inverted image on the road, as if reflected from a water surface – a mirage മരീചിക. That is why the road ahead looks wet.

15 · Reflectors and periscopes (Fig 1.22, 1.23)

ഇവയിൽ ഒരു പ്രിസത്തിലേക്ക് പതിക്കുന്ന പ്രകാശരശ്മി പ്രതിപതിച്ചു വരാൻ കാരണം എന്തായിരിക്കും? ഗ്ലാസിന്റെ ക്രിട്ടിക്കൽ കോണിനെ അടിസ്ഥാനപ്പെടുത്തി വിശദീകരിക്കാം. Reflectors റിഫ്ലക്റ്റർ in vehicle tail lamps contain many small prisms പ്രിസം. Why does a ray falling on one of these prisms come back? Explain using the critical angle of glass.

The ray enters face PQ perpendicularly. What is its angle of incidence on the slanting face at A – and is that more or less than 42°?

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.22 (b)
The ray falls perpendicularly on face PQ, so it is not refracted. At A it meets the slanting face with an angle of incidence of 45°, which is greater than the critical angle of glass (42°), so it is totally internally reflected towards B. At B, again i = 45° > 42° – total internal reflection again – and the ray leaves through PQ, going back the way it came, towards the vehicle behind. The other prisms in the reflector work the same way.

ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ പെരിസ്കോപ്പിൽ പ്രിസങ്ങളെ എങ്ങനെ പ്രയോജനപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് മനസ്സിലാക്കി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തൂ. From the figure (Fig 1.23), understand how prisms are used in the periscope പെരിസ്കോപ്പ് and record it in your science diary.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 1.23: the prism periscope
Two right-angled prisms are placed at the top and bottom of the tube. Light from the object enters the top prism perpendicularly, strikes the slanting face at 45° (> 42°) and is totally internally reflected – turned through 90° down the tube. The bottom prism turns it through 90° again in the same way, towards the eye. Because total internal reflection reflects practically all the light, the image is brighter and clearer than with plane mirrors.
💡 Endoscopy (Fig 1.25) – for your class presentation

മെഡിക്കൽ രംഗത്ത് ഇവ എങ്ങനെയാണ് പ്രയോജനപ്പെടുത്തിയിരിക്കുന്നതെന്ന് വിവരശേഖരണം നടത്തി ക്ലാസിൽ അവതരിപ്പിക്കൂ. In an endoscope എൻഡോസ്കോപ്പി, one bundle of optical fibres ഒപ്റ്റിക്കൽ ഫൈബർ carries light into the stomach and another carries the image back out, by repeated total internal reflection – so doctors can see inside the body without surgery. Ask at a hospital near you what endoscopy is used for.

16 · Table 1.4 – plane mirror or total internal reflection?

പൂർണ്ണാന്തര പ്രതിപതനം, സമതല ദർപ്പണങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നുള്ള സാധാരണ പ്രതിപതനം ഇവയുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട പ്രസ്താവനകൾ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നു. അവയെ അനുയോജ്യമായി പട്ടികപ്പെടുത്തൂ. Statements about total internal reflection and ordinary reflection പ്രതിപതനം from plane mirrors are given. Tabulate them suitably.

🗂️ Sorter – tap the right column for each statement
Score: 0 / 0
Reflection from mirrors ദർപ്പണങ്ങളിൽ നിന്നുള്ള പ്രതിപതനംTotal internal reflection പൂർണ്ണാന്തര പ്രതിപതനം
• The ray is not totally reflected (some light is absorbed).
• Reflection happens at any angle of incidence.
• Happens only when the ray goes from an optically denser to a rarer medium at an angle of incidence greater than the critical angle.
• The ray is totally reflected.

Check yourself

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