Chapter 5 · In-text questionsTextbook pages 95–105

In-text Questions – Solutions പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം

Every question asked inside the chapter, in the order of the book, each with a model answer, the reason why, and an animated diagram with force arrows: the bottle in the bucket, the bucket from the well, the mug and the helium balloon, Tables 5.1–5.7, the egg, the ship and the Dead Sea, the foil boat, the iron nail and the ship, the 6000 kg boat, the 0.45/0.31 kgwt object, relative density, the hydrometer and the lactometer. Try each one in your science diary സയൻസ് ഡയറി first, then open the solution.

📖 What you need (pages 1–9 of this guide)

1 · The bottle that will not stay down (p 95, Fig 5.1)

Activity. സുതാര്യമായ ഒരു ബക്കറ്റിൽ മുക്കാൽ ഭാഗത്തോളം ജലം എടുക്കുക. വായ്ഭാഗം അടച്ച ഒഴിഞ്ഞ ഒരു പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് കുപ്പി ജലോപരിതലത്തിൽ വയ്ക്കുക. എന്താണ് നിരീക്ഷിക്കുന്നത്? ബക്കറ്റിലെ ജലത്തിനടിയിലേക്ക് കുപ്പി കൈകൊണ്ട് താഴ്ത്താൻ ശ്രമിക്കുക. Take a transparent bucket about three-quarters full of water. Place an empty plastic bottle, with its mouth closed, on the water surface ജലോപരിതലം. What do you observe? Try to push the bottle down into the water with your hand.

Push the bottle down in the lab below and watch the two arrows. The red arrow (its weight) never changes. What happens to the blue arrow as more of the bottle goes under? Then press “Let go”.

🧪 Try it – push the bottle down, then let go

A 1-litre bottle of mass 30 g (approx.): weight 0.29 N. Arrows are drawn to the same scale (the weight arrow is so short that it is drawn a little longer so you can see it).

• When we take our hand away, the bottle shoots up to the surface and floats again.
• It rises because the water pushes it upwards with a force – the buoyant force പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം. Under water this upward push (about 9.8 N for a 1-litre bottle) is much bigger than the bottle's weight (about 0.3 N).
• Yes, gravity acts on the bottle all the time – vertically downwards. That pull is the bottle's weight ഭാരം.
• It does not stay under water because the upward force of the water is greater than its weight. The net force is upward, so it rises until only a small part is under water – there the upward force just equals the weight and it floats.
⚠️ Common trap

“Under water the bottle has no weight.” Wrong – gravity never switches off. The bottle rises because a second force (the buoyant force) acts on it, upward, and wins.

🤔 The boy's question (p 95)

വളരെ കുറഞ്ഞ ഭാരമുള്ള ഇരുമ്പാണി പോലും ജലത്തിൽ മുങ്ങി പോകുന്നു. എന്നാൽ ടൺ കണക്കിന് ഭാരമുള്ള കപ്പൽ എങ്ങനെയാണ് സമുദ്രജലത്തിൽ പൊങ്ങിക്കിടക്കുന്നത്? “Even a very light iron nail sinks in water. But how does a ship weighing tonnes float on the sea?” – answered in section 12 below.

2 · The bucket from the well and the mug (p 96, Fig 5.2)

കിണറ്റിൽ നിന്ന് ജലം ഉയർത്തുമ്പോൾ ബക്കറ്റ് ജലോപരിതലത്തിൽ എത്തുന്നത് വരെ ഭാരക്കുറവ് അനുഭവപ്പെടാറുണ്ട്. എന്തായിരിക്കും ഈ ഭാരക്കുറവിന് കാരണം? When we draw water from a well, the bucket feels lighter until it reaches the water surface. What could be the reason for this loss of weight?

Activity (Fig 5.2). Take a bucket three-quarters full of water and lift a mug full of water from the bottom of the bucket up to the surface and out of it. ബക്കറ്റിലെ ജലത്തിനുള്ളിലും ജലനിരപ്പിന് മുകളിലും കപ്പിന്റെ ഭാരത്തിൽ എന്ത് വ്യത്യാസമാണ് അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത്? എന്തായിരിക്കും കാരണം? What difference did you feel in the weight of the mug inside the water and above the water level? What could be the reason?

The felt force is what your hand (or the rope) has to supply: weight minus the upward push of the water. Slide the object up and watch the graph jump as it leaves the water.

⚠ Never lean over a well or play near deep water; do water experiments in a bucket or tub, with an adult nearby.
🧪 Try it – lift it up through the surface

Sample values (approx.): plastic bucket 1 kg + 10 L water; plastic mug 150 g + 1 L water; plastic density 1200 kg/m³. Felt force = W − FB.

Bucket from the well: while the bucket is in the water, the water pushes it upwards (buoyant force), so the rope only has to supply weight − buoyant force – the bucket feels light. As soon as it comes out of the water this upward support is gone and we have to hold up its full weight, so it suddenly feels heavy.
The mug (Fig 5.2): the mug feels lighter inside the water and heavier above the water level. Reason: a liquid exerts an upward force on any object placed in it. Inside the water the mug of water weighs almost nothing (the water in it is supported by the water around it); in air we feel all of it.
💡 Why this matters

That is why the last metre of pulling a bucket out of a well is the hardest. In the graph the felt force for a 10-litre bucket jumps from about 1.6 N to about 108 N – about 66 times – just by leaving the water.

3 · The helium balloon – do gases push up too? (p 96)

ദ്രാവകങ്ങളിൽ മാത്രമാണോ ഈ പ്രത്യേകത അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്നത്? … അന്തരീക്ഷവായുവിൽ സ്വതന്ത്രമാക്കുന്ന ഹീലിയം നിറച്ച ബലൂണിന് എന്ത് സംഭവിക്കും? Is this property seen only in liquids? … What will happen to a helium-filled balloon released in the air?

A balloon in air is just like the bottle in water: there are two forces on it. Which is bigger here?

🎬 Solution animation – a helium balloon let go
The balloon rises up. The helium balloon has weight, but the air pushes it upward with a force greater than its weight, so it rises. So objects in gases വാതകങ്ങൾ also feel an upward force, not only objects in liquids ദ്രാവകങ്ങൾ. Liquids and gases together are called fluids ദ്രവങ്ങൾ.
Two forces act on every object in a fluid: its weight (downward) and the upward force of the fluid. Buoyant force = the upward force exerted by a fluid on an object fully or partly immersed in it.

4 · Science diary – where do we feel buoyant force? (p 96)

നിത്യജീവിതത്തിൽ പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്ന സന്ദർഭങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക. • ജലത്തിനുള്ളിൽ നിന്ന് വായു കുമിളകൾ ഉയരുന്നത്. Find situations in daily life where we feel buoyant force and write them in the science diary. (Example given: air bubbles rising from inside water.)

🗂️ Sorter – is buoyant force the main idea here?
Score: 0 / 0
• Air bubbles rise from the bottom of water (given).
• A log, a coconut or a plastic ball floats on a pond.
• We feel lighter in a pond, a river or a swimming pool, and can lift a friend easily in water.
• A mug or bucket of water feels lighter under water (Fig 5.2).
• A beach ball or an empty bottle is hard to hold under water.
• Country boats, house boats on Vembanad lake and huge ships float.
• Helium balloons and hot-air balloons rise in air.
• Life jackets keep people afloat.

5 · Table 5.1 – is the loss of weight due to buoyant force? (p 97, Fig 5.3)

Activity. Weigh a stone, an iron block and a glass slab with a spring balance സ്പ്രിങ് ബാലൻസ് in air (W₁), then fully in water (W₂), and complete Table 5.1.

ജലത്തിൽ വസ്തുക്കൾക്ക് ഭാരക്കുറവ് അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത് പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം മൂലമല്ലേ? Isn't the loss of weight that the objects felt in water due to the buoyant force?

Gravity on the object (its mass × g) is the same in air and in water. So if the spring balance reads less in water, some other force must be holding up part of the weight. Which force acts upward on an object in water?

🧪 Try it – the spring-balance lab (Fig 5.3)
Object വസ്തുWeight in air വായുവിലെ ഭാരം (W₁) NWeight in water ജലത്തിലെ ഭാരം (W₂) NLoss of weight in water = buoyant force (W₁ − W₂) N
stone കല്ല്???
iron block ഇരുമ്പുകട്ട???
glass slab ഗ്ലാസ് സ്ലാബ്???

Table 5.1 – sample readings (stone 300 g, ρ 2600 kg/m³; iron 500 g, ρ 7800 kg/m³; glass 200 g, ρ 2500 kg/m³ – approx.). Your real readings will differ slightly.

Yes. Each object reads less in water than in air (stone 2.94 N → 1.81 N, iron 4.90 N → 4.27 N, glass 1.96 N → 1.18 N). Gravity on it has not changed, so the missing part of the weight is being held up by the water: the buoyant force acting upward.
Key idea: when an object is in a fluid, the buoyant force on it is equal to its apparent loss of weight ഭാരക്കുറവ്: FB = W₁ − W₂. (Stone 1.13 N, iron 0.63 N, glass 0.78 N.)

6 · Tables 5.2 and 5.3 – same weight, different liquids (pp 98–99, Fig 5.4)

Activity. A 100 g standard weight തൂക്കക്കട്ടി is weighed in saturated salt solution പൂരിത ഉപ്പുലായനി, water and glycerine ഗ്ലിസറിൻ. Its weight in air: W₁ = mg = 0.1 kg × 9.8 m/s² = 0.98 N.

വ്യത്യസ്ത ദ്രാവകങ്ങളിൽ വ്യത്യസ്ത ഭാരക്കുറവ് അനുഭവപ്പെടാൻ കാരണമെന്തായിരിക്കും? What could be the reason for the different losses of weight in different liquids?

Analyse Tables 5.2 and 5.3 and answer: പട്ടിക 5.2, പട്ടിക 5.3 എന്നിവ വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് താഴെക്കൊടുത്ത ചോദ്യങ്ങൾക്ക് ഉത്തരങ്ങൾ കണ്ടെത്തുക.

  1. ഏത് ദ്രാവകത്തിലാണ് തൂക്കക്കട്ടിക്ക് ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത്? In which liquid did the weight feel the greatest buoyant force?
  2. ഏത് ദ്രാവകത്തിലാണ് തൂക്കക്കട്ടിക്ക് ഏറ്റവും കുറവ് പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത്? In which liquid did it feel the least buoyant force?
  3. പട്ടികയിൽ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്നവയിൽ ഏത് ദ്രാവകത്തിനാണ് സാന്ദ്രത ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ? Of the liquids in the table, which has the greatest density?
  4. എന്തുകൊണ്ടായിരിക്കും ഗ്ലിസറിനിൽ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതൽ പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടത്? Why did the greatest buoyant force act in glycerine?
  5. ദ്രാവകത്തിന്റെ സാന്ദ്രത കൂടുന്നതിനനുസരിച്ച് പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം കൂടുന്നു/കുറയുന്നു. As the density of the liquid increases, the buoyant force increases / decreases.

The same weight has the same volume in every beaker. Compare the buoyant force column of Table 5.2 with the density column of Table 5.3 – do they go up and down together?

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 5.4 redrawn
Liquid ദ്രാവകംWeight of the 100 g weight in the liquid, NLoss of weight (buoyant force), N
saturated salt solution0.8540.1256
water0.8580.1225
glycerine0.8260.1544

Table 5.2 – sample readings (brass weight taken as 8000 kg/m³, volume 12.5 cm³ – approx.). Your real readings will differ slightly.

LiquidDensity kg/m³ (approx.)
water ജലം1000
saturated salt solution പൂരിത ഉപ്പുലായനി1025
kerosene മണ്ണെണ്ണ810
glycerine ഗ്ലിസറിൻ1260
coconut oil വെളിച്ചെണ്ണ920

Table 5.3 (from the textbook)

Why different losses? The liquids have different densities. The same object displaces the same volume in each, but a denser liquid pushes up harder, so the loss of weight is different.
(a) Greatest buoyant force: glycerine (0.1544 N).
(b) Least buoyant force: water (0.1225 N) – of the three liquids used.
(c) Greatest density in Table 5.3: glycerine (1260 kg/m³).
(d) Glycerine gave the greatest buoyant force because it is the densest of the liquids.
(e) As the density of the liquid increases, the buoyant force increases.
Key idea: the density of the fluid is one factor that influences the buoyant force – the denser the liquid, the greater the buoyant force.
⚠️ Common trap

The salt solution and water differ by only 25 kg/m³, so their buoyant forces differ by only 0.003 N – a real spring balance may not even show it. That does not break the rule; it just means the difference is tiny.

7 · Egg, ship and the Dead Sea (p 99, science diary)

താഴെക്കൊടുത്ത സന്ദർഭങ്ങൾക്കുള്ള വിശദീകരണം കണ്ടെത്തി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തുക. Find the explanation for the following situations and write it in your science diary.

In all three the object stays the same – only the liquid changes. A denser liquid gives more buoyant force for the same volume under it.

🎬 Solution animation – egg, ship, Dead Sea
Egg: salt solution is denser than pure water. In pure water the buoyant force on the fully immersed egg is less than its weight, so it sinks. In the denser salt solution the buoyant force is larger and can become equal to the egg's weight, so it floats.
Ship: sea water is denser than fresh water. A floating ship always needs a buoyant force equal to its own weight. In denser sea water a smaller volume under water already displaces that much weight of water, so the ship sits higher.
Dead Sea: its water is extremely salty and so much denser than ordinary water. Its buoyant force equals a person's weight when only part of the body is under water, so nobody sinks completely.
🔎 A note on the numbers

A fresh egg is a little denser than water (about 1030 kg/m³, approx.). Table 5.3 gives 1025 kg/m³ for saturated salt solution, but salt water made with plenty of salt in the kitchen is denser still (around 1200 kg/m³, approx.) – that is why the egg floats in it so easily. The Dead Sea is about 1240 kg/m³ (approx.). In the exam, just compare: the denser the liquid, the larger the buoyant force.

8 · Table 5.4 – iron and copper blocks of equal weight (p 100, Fig 5.5)

ഒരേ ഭാരമുള്ള എല്ലാ വസ്തുക്കൾക്കും ഒരേ ദ്രാവകത്തിൽ തുല്യ പ്ലവക്ഷമബലമാണോ അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്നത്? Do all objects of the same weight feel the same buoyant force in the same liquid? Take an iron block ഇരുമ്പുകട്ട and a copper block ചെമ്പുകട്ട of the same weight; find their weights in air and in water and complete Table 5.4.

Equal weight means equal mass. Copper (8900 kg/m³) is denser than iron (7800 kg/m³), so the same mass of copper takes up less room.

🎬 Solution animation – equal weights, unequal volumes
ObjectWeight in air (W₁) NWeight in water (W₂) NBuoyant force (W₁ − W₂) N
copper block ചെമ്പുകട്ട9.808.701.10
iron block ഇരുമ്പുകട്ട9.808.541.26

Table 5.4 – sample readings for 1 kg of each (copper 112.4 cm³, iron 128.2 cm³). Your real readings will differ slightly.

• Greater buoyant force: iron block (1.26 N against 1.10 N).
• Greater volume: iron block (128.2 cm³ against 112.4 cm³) – iron is less dense, so the same mass needs more room.
• So No – objects of the same weight do not feel the same buoyant force. For a fully immersed object, the buoyant force depends on (1) the density of the fluid and (2) the volume of the object – not on its weight.
🤔 The girl's question (p 100)

വസ്തുക്കൾ ദ്രാവകങ്ങളിൽ താഴ്ത്തുമ്പോൾ ദ്രാവക നിരപ്പ് ഉയരുന്നുണ്ടല്ലോ. ഇങ്ങനെ ഉയരുന്ന ദ്രാവകത്തിന്റെ അളവും പ്ലവക്ഷമബലവും തമ്മിൽ ബന്ധമുണ്ടാകുമോ? “When objects are lowered into liquids the level rises. Is the amount of liquid that rises related to the buoyant force?” Yes – the bigger iron block pushed more water aside and felt more buoyant force. Exactly how they are related is the next experiment (section 9): the buoyant force equals the weight of the liquid pushed aside.

9 · Table 5.5 – buoyant force and the displaced water (p 101, Fig 5.6)

Activity. Lower a stone and a glass slab, one at a time, into an overflow jar കവിഞ്ഞൊഴുകി ജാർ filled up to the spout, collect the overflowing water കവിഞ്ഞൊഴുകിയ ജലം in a beaker and find its weight.

കല്ല്, ഗ്ലാസ് സ്ലാബ് എന്നിവയ്ക്ക് ജലത്തിൽ അനുഭവപ്പെട്ട പ്ലവക്ഷമബലവും അവ ഓരോന്നും ആദേശം ചെയ്ത ജലത്തിന്റെ ഭാരവും തമ്മിലുള്ള ബന്ധം എന്തായിരിക്കും? നിങ്ങളുടെ നിഗമനം സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ രേഖപ്പെടുത്തൂ. What is the relation between the buoyant force on the stone and the glass slab in water and the weight of the water each one displaced ആദേശം ചെയ്ത ജലം? Write your conclusion in the science diary.

Compare the last two columns of Table 5.5.

🎬 Solution animation – Fig 5.6, the overflow jar
ObjectW₁ NW₂ NBuoyant force (W₁ − W₂) NWeight of displaced water N
stone കല്ല്2.941.811.131.13
glass slab ഗ്ലാസ് സ്ലാബ്1.961.180.780.78

Table 5.5 – sample readings (same stone and glass slab as Table 5.1). Your real readings will differ slightly.

For each object, the buoyant force = the weight of the water it displaced (stone 1.13 N = 1.13 N; glass 0.78 N = 0.78 N).
This is Archimedes' principle ആർക്കിമിഡീസ് തത്വം: when an object is fully or partly immersed in a fluid, the buoyant force exerted on it by the fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

10 · Table 5.6 – the floating wood and wax blocks (p 102)

Activity. Repeat the overflow-jar experiment with a wooden block മരക്കട്ട and a wax block മെഴുകുകട്ട instead of the stone and glass, and complete Table 5.6.

വസ്തുവിന്റെ വായുവിലെ ഭാരവും ആദേശം ചെയ്ത ജലത്തിന്റെ ഭാരവും തമ്മിലുള്ള ബന്ധം എന്താണ്? What is the relation between the weight of the object in air and the weight of the water displaced?

Watch the spring balance as the wooden block goes in: the reading drops to zero before the block is fully under water. Then compare W₁ with the weight of the overflow.

🎬 Solution animation – a floating block
ObjectW₁ NW₂ NBuoyant force (W₁ − W₂) NWeight of displaced water N
wooden block മരക്കട്ട0.4900.490.49
wax block മെഴുകുകട്ട0.44100.4410.441

Table 5.6 – sample readings (wood 50 g, ρ ≈ 650 kg/m³; wax 45 g, ρ ≈ 900 kg/m³ – approx.). Your real readings will differ slightly.

For a floating object, weight in air = weight of the water displaced (wood 0.49 N = 0.49 N; wax 0.441 N = 0.441 N). The spring balance reads 0 because the water alone holds the whole weight: buoyant force = weight.
This is the principle of floatation പ്ലവനതത്വം: when an object floats in a fluid, the weight of the object is equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces.
For a sinking object the buoyant force is less than its weight; for a floating object the buoyant force is equal to its weight.
⚠️ Common trap

“The buoyant force on a floating object is bigger than its weight.” No – once it is floating at rest, the two forces are equal. (It is bigger only while the object is held under water, like the bottle in section 1 – and then the object rises until they become equal.)

11 · The aluminium-foil boat (pp 102–103, Fig 5.7)

ഏകദേശം 15 cm നീളവും 10 cm വീതിയും ഉള്ള ഒരു അലുമിനിയം ഫോയിൽ ബോട്ടിന്റെ ആകൃതിയിലാക്കി ജലോപരിതലത്തിൽ വച്ചുനോക്കൂ. എന്താണ് നിരീക്ഷിക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്നത്? ബോട്ടിനുള്ളിൽ 100 g മാസുള്ള ഒരു തൂക്കക്കട്ടി വയ്ക്കുക. ബോട്ട് മുങ്ങാത്തത് എന്തുകൊണ്ടായിരിക്കും? Fold a piece of aluminium foil about 15 cm long and 10 cm wide into the shape of a boat and place it on the water. What do you observe? Put a 100 g weight inside the boat. Why does the boat not sink?

ഇതേ അലുമിനിയം ഫോയിൽ നന്നായി ചുരുട്ടിയ ശേഷം ജലോപരിതലത്തിൽ വച്ചു നോക്കിയാലോ? What if the same foil is crumpled up tightly and placed on the water?

The foil is the same in both shapes – same mass, same weight. What changes is how much water it can push aside.

🧪 Try it – boat or ball?

Sample values (approx.): kitchen foil 15 cm × 10 cm weighs about 0.65 g; folded with 2 cm sides it makes a boat 11 cm × 6 cm; crumpled tightly, the solid aluminium is only 0.24 cm³.

• The foil boat floats. Even with the 100 g weight inside it still floats – it just sinks a little deeper.
• As a boat, the foil displaces a weight of water equal to its own weight; with the weight inside, it sinks deeper until it displaces a weight of water equal to the total weight of the boat and the 100 g weight (about 100 cm³ of water). Its hollow shape can push aside much more water than that (up to about 130 cm³), so it does not sink.
• Crumpled tightly into a ball, the same foil sinks. Now it displaces only a tiny volume of water (about 0.24 cm³) – the weight of that water is less than the weight of the foil, so the buoyant force is less than the weight.
• The volume of water displaced by the boat is much more than by the crumpled ball – that is why the boat floats.

12 · An iron nail sinks, an iron ship floats (pp 95, 103)

ഇരുമ്പാണി ജലത്തിൽ താഴ്ന്നുപോകുമെങ്കിലും ഇരുമ്പ് കൊണ്ടുണ്ടാക്കിയ കപ്പൽ സമുദ്രജലത്തിൽ പൊങ്ങിക്കിടക്കുന്നതിന് കാരണം വിശദീകരിക്കാമല്ലോ. An iron nail sinks in water, but a ship made of iron floats on the sea. Explain the reason.

This is the foil boat again, but huge. Compare the volume of water the solid nail can push aside with the volume a hollow hull pushes aside.

🎬 Solution animation – same iron, different shapes
The nail is solid iron. The volume of water it displaces is tiny (equal to its own small volume), and since iron is about 7.8 times as dense as water, the weight of that water is far less than the nail's weight – the buoyant force is less than the weight, so it sinks.
A ship is made hollow, with a huge hull full of air. Its hull pushes aside an enormous volume of water. It sinks only until the weight of the sea water displaced equals the ship's own weight (principle of floatation) – long before the water reaches the deck – so it floats. That is how INS Vikrant, built at Cochin Shipyard, floats.
💡 Why this matters

Ships are designed so that a large hollow volume sits below the water line. If water gets into the hull, that space no longer displaces water – that is why a leak can sink a ship, and why ships have watertight compartments.

13 · A boat displaces 6000 kg of water (p 103)

തടാകത്തിൽ സ്ഥിതിചെയ്യുന്ന ഒരു ബോട്ട് 6000 kg ജലം ആദേശം ചെയ്യുന്നു. ബോട്ടിൽ അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്ന പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം എത്രയായിരിക്കും? A boat on a lake displaces 6000 kg of water. What will be the buoyant force on the boat?

Archimedes: buoyant force = weight of the water displaced. You are given its mass – multiply by g.

🎬 Solution in exam layout – Given → Formula → Substitution → Answer
🧪 Try other numbers
Given: mass of water displaced m = 6000 kg; g = 9.8 m/s².
Formula: buoyant force = weight of displaced water = mg.
Substitution: FB = 6000 kg × 9.8 m/s².
Answer: FB = 58 800 N (= 6000 kgwt). Since the boat floats, its own weight is also 6000 kgwt = 58 800 N.
⚠️ Common trap

Writing “6000 kg” as the buoyant force. Kilogram is a unit of mass; a force is in newtons (or kgwt). Either write 6000 kgwt or convert: 6000 × 9.8 = 58 800 N.

14 · 0.45 kgwt in air, 0.31 kgwt in water (p 103)

വായുവിൽ 0.45 kgwt ഭാരമുള്ള ഒരു വസ്തു മുഴുവനായും ജലത്തിൽ മുങ്ങിയിരിക്കുമ്പോഴുള്ള ഭാരം 0.31 kgwt ആണ്. എങ്കിൽ താഴെ കൊടുത്തവ കണ്ടെത്തുക. a) വസ്തുവിനുണ്ടാകുന്ന ഭാരനഷ്ടം b) പ്ലവക്ഷമബലം c) ആദേശം ചെയ്ത ജലത്തിന്റെ ഭാരം An object weighs 0.45 kgwt in air and 0.31 kgwt when fully immersed in water. Find: (a) the loss of weight ഭാരനഷ്ടം of the object, (b) the buoyant force, (c) the weight of the water displaced.

(a) W₁ − W₂. (b) The buoyant force equals the loss of weight. (c) Archimedes: it also equals the weight of the displaced water. All three are the same number!

🎬 Solution in exam layout – Given → Formula → Substitution → Answer
🧪 Try other numbers
Given: W₁ = 0.45 kgwt, W₂ = 0.31 kgwt.
Formula: loss of weight = W₁ − W₂; buoyant force = loss of weight; weight of displaced water = buoyant force (Archimedes).
Substitution: 0.45 kgwt − 0.31 kgwt = 0.14 kgwt.
Answer: (a) loss of weight = 0.14 kgwt; (b) buoyant force = 0.14 kgwt; (c) weight of displaced water = 0.14 kgwt. (In newtons: 0.14 × 9.8 = 1.372 N.)
💡 Why this matters

Since the displaced water weighs 0.14 kgwt, its mass is 0.14 kg = 140 g, i.e. 140 cm³ of water – so the object's volume is 140 cm³. A spring balance and a bucket can measure the volume of a stone of any shape!

15 · Do all liquids have the same density? Table 5.7 (p 103)

എല്ലാ ദ്രാവകങ്ങൾക്കും ഒരേ സാന്ദ്രതയാണോ? Do all liquids have the same density?

പട്ടിക 5.3 ൽ നൽകിയ വിവരങ്ങൾ അടിസ്ഥാനപ്പെടുത്തി മണ്ണെണ്ണ, വെളിച്ചെണ്ണ, ഗ്ലിസറിൻ, പൂരിത ഉപ്പുലായനി എന്നിവയെ ജലത്തെക്കാൾ സാന്ദ്രത കൂടിയവ, കുറഞ്ഞവ എന്നിങ്ങനെ തരംതിരിച്ചെഴുതുക. Using Table 5.3, classify kerosene, coconut oil, glycerine and saturated salt solution as denser than water or less dense than water (Table 5.7).

📊 Densities compared with water (Table 5.3)
🗂️ Sorter – denser or less dense than water?
Score: 0 / 0
Denser than water ജലത്തെക്കാൾ സാന്ദ്രത കൂടിയവLess dense than water ജലത്തെക്കാൾ സാന്ദ്രത കുറഞ്ഞവ
??

Table 5.7

No, different liquids have different densities.
Denser than water (more than 1000 kg/m³): glycerine (1260), saturated salt solution (1025).
Less dense than water: kerosene (810), coconut oil (920). That is why coconut oil and kerosene float on water.

16 · Relative density – kerosene, copper and mercury (pp 103–104)

Relative density ആപേക്ഷികസാന്ദ്രത = density of the substance ÷ density of water. It tells how many times the density of water the substance's density is. It has no unit.

Worked example in the book. ജലത്തിന്റെ സാന്ദ്രത 1000 kg/m³ ഉം മണ്ണെണ്ണയുടെ സാന്ദ്രത 810 kg/m³ ഉം ആണ് എങ്കിൽ മണ്ണെണ്ണയുടെ ആപേക്ഷികസാന്ദ്രത? The density of water is 1000 kg/m³ and that of kerosene is 810 kg/m³. Find the relative density of kerosene.

🎬 Exam layout – relative density of kerosene
Relative density of kerosene = 810 kg/m³ ÷ 1000 kg/m³ = 0.810 (no unit) – kerosene's density is 0.81 times that of water.

ചെമ്പിന്റെ സാന്ദ്രത 8900 kg/m³ ആണെങ്കിൽ ആപേക്ഷിക സാന്ദ്രത എത്രയായിരിക്കും? If the density of copper is 8900 kg/m³, what will be its relative density?

Divide by the density of water, 1000 kg/m³. The units cancel.

🎬 Solution in exam layout – copper
Given: density of copper = 8900 kg/m³; density of water = 1000 kg/m³.
Formula: relative density = density of the substance ÷ density of water.
Substitution: = 8900 kg/m³ ÷ 1000 kg/m³.
Answer: relative density of copper = 8.9 (no unit) – copper is 8.9 times as dense as water.

മെർക്കുറിയുടെ ആപേക്ഷികസാന്ദ്രത 13.6 ആണെങ്കിൽ അതിന്റെ സാന്ദ്രത എത്രയായിരിക്കും? If the relative density of mercury is 13.6, what will be its density?

Turn the formula round: density of the substance = relative density × density of water.

🎬 Solution in exam layout – mercury
Given: relative density of mercury = 13.6; density of water = 1000 kg/m³.
Formula: relative density = density of mercury ÷ density of water ⇒ density of mercury = relative density × density of water.
Substitution: = 13.6 × 1000 kg/m³.
Answer: density of mercury = 13 600 kg/m³.
🧪 Try other numbers – density ↔ relative density
⚠️ Common trap

Writing “8.9 kg/m³”. Relative density is density ÷ density – the units cancel, so it has no unit. And density has a unit: 13 600 kg/m³, not just 13 600.

17 · The hydrometer (p 104, Fig 5.8)

Find the relative density of different liquids with a hydrometer ഹൈഡ്രോമീറ്റർ and answer:

A hydrometer floats, so it always displaces its own weight of liquid. In a denser liquid, does it need more or less volume under the surface?

🧪 Try it – float the hydrometer
• In water the hydrometer reads 1.00 (the relative density of water is 1).
• In a liquid denser than water the reading is more than 1 (for example about 1.03 in sea water). The hydrometer floats higher – it needs less volume under the surface to displace its own weight – so the liquid surface meets the stem at a mark below the 1.00 mark on the stem, where the values are bigger.
• The scale values increase downwards (Fig 5.8 b: 0.50 at the top … 1.00 lower down). The higher the hydrometer floats, the greater the relative density of the liquid.
⚠️ Common trap

“A hydrometer sinks deeper in a denser liquid.” It is the opposite – denser liquid, bigger buoyant force for each cm³ under, so it floats higher.

18 · Water in milk? The lactometer (pp 104–105, Fig 5.9)

പാലിൽ വെള്ളം ചേർത്ത് വിൽക്കുന്നത് കുറ്റകരമാണെന്ന് അറിയാമല്ലോ? പാലിൽ വെള്ളം ചേർന്നിട്ടുണ്ടോ എന്ന് എങ്ങനെ മനസ്സിലാക്കും? അതിനുപയോഗിക്കുന്ന ഉപകരണം ഏതാണ്? You know that adding water to milk and selling it is an offence. How can we find out whether water has been added to milk? Which instrument is used for it?

Pure milk is a little denser than water (relative density about 1.028–1.032, approx.). Water (1.000) lowers the mixture's density. Milk fat is lighter than water (about 0.9) – so taking the fat out does what to the density?

🧪 Try it – the lactometer at the milk society

Sample values (approx.): pure milk 1.030, skimmed milk 1.035; the mixture's relative density is worked out by volume.

• Water in milk is found by measuring the relative density of the milk with a lactometer (a hydrometer made for milk).
• No, the readings are not the same. Watered milk is less dense than pure milk (water has RD 1), so the lactometer sinks deeper and shows a lower reading.
• It sinks more in pure (whole) milk. Fat is lighter than water (RD about 0.9), so when the fat is removed the milk becomes denser; in the denser skimmed milk the lactometer floats higher (reading about 1.035).
• If the lactometer reading is below the value for pure milk (about 1.028–1.032), water has been added.
⚠️ Why the lactometer alone is not enough

Try it in the lab: skimmed milk (1.035) with about 20 % water reads 1.028 – just like pure milk! A cheat who removes fat and adds water can fool a lactometer. So milk societies also measure the fat %.

ശുദ്ധപദാർഥങ്ങൾ പ്രകൃതി തൻ വരദാനം. മായം കലർത്തൽ മനുഷ്യർ തൻ അത്യാർത്തി.

“Pure food is nature's gift; adulteration മായം ചേർക്കൽ is human greed.”

പാലിൽ വെള്ളം ചേർത്ത് വിൽക്കുന്നതുപോലെ കുറ്റകരമാണ് ഭക്ഷണ പദാർഥങ്ങളിൽ മായം ചേർക്കുന്നത്. … ഒരു പോസ്റ്റർ തയ്യാറാക്കി സ്കൂൾ നോട്ടീസ് ബോർഡിൽ പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കൂ. Adding adulterants to food is as criminal as adding water to milk, and a social danger. Prepare an awareness poster for the school notice board. Ideas: a lactometer in two glasses of milk (“pure – 1.030 ✔, watered – 1.024 ✘”); “Test before you trust”; the food-safety helpline of your district; simple home tests (a drop of pure milk on a slanted surface flows slowly and leaves a white trail).

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