Chapter 8 · In-text questionsTextbook pages 157–168

In-text Questions – Solutions ശബ്ദം

Every question asked inside the chapter, in the order of the book. Each one has a model answer, the reason why, and a diagram or animation. You will see the silent bell jar, the rubber band and the tuning fork, the toys and the instruments of Table 8.1, our voice, the animals of Table 8.2, the buzzer, the desk and the bucket, the astronauts, Table 8.3, the firecracker and the thunder, the mustard-seed eardrum, hearing loss and ear care, music and noise, and noise pollution. Try each one in your science diary സയൻസ് ഡയറി first, then open the solution. All the animations are silent.

📖 What you need (pages 1–9 of this guide)

1 · The bell that cannot be heard (p 157)

ബെൽജാറിനുള്ളിലെ അലാം പ്രവർത്തിച്ചിട്ടും കുട്ടിക്ക് ശബ്ദം കേൾക്കാൻ കഴിയാത്തതിനു കാരണം എന്തായിരിക്കും? The alarm inside the bell jar ബെൽജാർ is working, yet she cannot hear any sound. What could be the reason? (Thought bubble: “ബെൽ പ്രവർത്തിച്ചിട്ടും ശബ്ദം കേൾക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്നില്ലല്ലോ!” – “The bell is working, but I can't hear any sound!”)

നിങ്ങൾക്ക് പരിചിതമായ ശബ്ദങ്ങൾ ഏതൊക്കെയാണ്? എഴുതി നോക്കൂ. Which sounds are familiar to you? Write them down. (Given: the school bell ringing, the song of the koel കുയിൽ, thunder ഇടിനാദം.)

Look at the picture on p 157. The bell jar stands on a vacuum pump വാക്വം പമ്പ്. What does a vacuum pump take out of the jar? Step through the animation and watch the blue dots, which stand for air particles.

🎬 Solution animation – a ringing bell in a bell jar on a vacuum pump
Why no sound? The vacuum pump has removed the air from the bell jar. The bell is still vibrating, and we can see the hammer striking. But sound needs a medium മാധ്യമം to travel, and there is almost no air (nearly a vacuum ശൂന്യത) around the bell to carry the vibrations to the glass and out to her ear. Sound cannot travel through vacuum. The textbook answers this on p 162; see section 10.
Familiar sounds: the school bell, the koel's song and thunder (given). Others: rain on the roof, temple drums (chenda), a vehicle horn, a pressure-cooker whistle, a dog barking, the ceiling fan, waves on the beach, friends talking.
Key idea ശ്രവണബോധം ഉളവാക്കുന്ന ഊർജരൂപമാണ് ശബ്ദം. Sound is a form of energy that produces the sensation of hearing.
⚠️ Common trap

“The bell stopped working.” No. You can still see the hammer hitting the gong, so the bell is fine. Only the medium is missing. Let the air back in and the sound returns at once.

2 · Uses of sound, and why the school bell rings (p 158, Fig 8.1)

നിത്യജീവിതത്തിൽ ശബ്ദം പ്രയോജനപ്പെടുന്ന സന്ദർഭങ്ങൾ ലിസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്യൂ. List situations in daily life where sound is useful. (Given: to enjoy music സംഗീതാസ്വാദനത്തിന്.)

ഈ ബെല്ലിൽനിന്ന് ശബ്ദമുണ്ടാകുന്നതിന് കാരണമെന്തായിരിക്കും? (Fig 8.1: a man strikes the hanging school bell.) What could be the reason this bell makes a sound?

Strike the bell in the lab and watch its outline closely. Then hold it with your hand. What stops when the sound stops?

🧪 Try it – strike the school bell (Fig 8.1)

The vibration is drawn much bigger and slower than in real life. A real bell's rim moves only a tiny fraction of a millimetre, hundreds of times a second.

Uses of sound: enjoying music (given); talking and listening to each other; teaching and learning in class; the school bell, alarm clocks and fire alarms; vehicle horns, ambulance sirens and railway-crossing bells that warn us; announcements at bus and railway stations; the doctor's stethoscope; animals calling to each other; the radio, TV and phone calls. (Go further: ultrasound scanning and SONAR, see page 12.)
The bell: when the rod strikes it, the metal bell vibrates. Its rim moves in and out very quickly. These vibrations push and pull on the air around it, and that is the sound we hear. Hold the bell and the vibration stops, so the sound stops too.

3 · The rubber-band instrument (p 158, Fig 8.2)

Activity. പെൻസിൽ ബോക്സ്, റബ്ബർ ബാൻഡ്, പെൻസിലുകൾ ഇവ ഉപയോഗിച്ച് ശബ്ദം ഉണ്ടാക്കുന്ന ഒരു ഉപകരണം നിർമ്മിക്കൂ (ചിത്രം 8.2). റബ്ബർ ബാൻഡിന്റെ മധ്യഭാഗം അല്പം വലിച്ചു വിടൂ. Make a sound-making device with a pencil box, a rubber band and two pencils (Fig 8.2). Pull the middle of the rubber band a little and let it go.

Pluck the band in the lab and watch the graph on the right. Does the middle of the band keep going in one direction, or does it come back again and again?

🧪 Try it – pluck the band and watch its motion
• Yes, we hear a sound (a twang) as long as the band moves.
• Yes, the band moves to and fro rapidly. It goes up, down, up, down, many times a second, and looks blurred.
• This motion is vibration കമ്പനം, not straight-line motion നേർരേഖാചലനം. The band keeps returning through the same middle position. It does not travel off in one direction.
⚠️ Common trap

“The band moves a long way, so it is straight-line motion.” Straight-line motion means going along a line from one place to another, like a ball rolling across the floor. A vibrating band stays in the same place and only swings to and fro about its rest position.

4 · Toys that make sound (p 158, Fig 8.3)

ശബ്ദം ഉണ്ടാക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്ന കളിപ്പാട്ടങ്ങൾ നിങ്ങൾക്ക് പരിചിതമാണല്ലോ. അവ ഏതൊക്കെയെന്ന് കുറിക്കൂ. You know toys that can make sound. Note down which ones. (Fig 8.3: (a) ola-peepi ഓലപ്പീപ്പി, (b) paper whistle പേപ്പർവിസിൽ, (c) chiratta-veena ചിരട്ടവീണ.)

ഇഷ്ടമുള്ള ഒരു കളിപ്പാട്ടം നിർമ്മിച്ച് അതിന്റെ ശബ്ദം ശ്രവിക്കൂ. അതിൽ എങ്ങനെയാണ് ശബ്ദം ഉണ്ടാകുന്നത് എന്ന് ചർച്ച ചെയ്തു കണ്ടെത്തി സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ എഴുതൂ. Make a toy you like and listen to its sound. Discuss how it makes the sound and write it in your science diary.

For every toy, ask one question: which part vibrates? It may be a leaf, a strip of paper, a string, a stretched skin, or the air inside a tube.

🎬 Solution animation – what vibrates in each toy of Fig 8.3
main vibrating partparts that vibrate along with it
Sound-making toys: ola-peepi, paper whistle, chiratta-veena (given); also a balloon whistle, a toy drum (thudi), a party whistle, a rattle, a straw flute (pipi), a rubber-band guitar, a toy bell, a spinning top that hums, and a whistle made by blowing across a bottle.
How they make sound (one each):
• Ola-peepi: blowing into the narrow end makes the thin, pressed leaf there vibrate very fast. The cone of rolled palm leaf makes the sound louder.
• Paper whistle: the thin paper strip or flap held between the fingers vibrates in the stream of air we blow.
• Chiratta-veena: the bow makes the string vibrate. The coconut shell, the thin cover on it and the air inside vibrate along with it and make the sound louder.
In every toy, the sound comes from something that vibrates.
🛠️ Make a toy: a straw whistle (pipi) in 3 minutes
  1. Flatten one end of a paper or plastic drinking straw (about 3 cm) by pressing it with your fingernail.
  2. Cut the flattened end into a V point with scissors, with an adult's help.
  3. Put the V end just inside your lips, press lightly and blow hard.
  4. What vibrates? The two flaps of the V vibrate against each other, and they make the air in the straw vibrate. Cut the straw shorter while blowing and listen to how the sound changes.
⚠ Use scissors only with an adult. Do not blow whistles close to anyone's ear.

5 · The tuning fork (p 159, Figs 8.4, 8.5)

Activity. ട്യൂണിങ് ഫോർക്കിന്റെ ഒരു ഭുജത്തിൽ റബ്ബർ ചുറ്റിക കൊണ്ട് അടിച്ച് ഉത്തേജിപ്പിക്കൂ. ഉത്തേജിപ്പിച്ച ഫോർക്കിനെ ചെവിയുടെ സമീപത്തേക്ക് കൊണ്ടുവരൂ. Strike one prong of a tuning fork ട്യൂണിങ് ഫോർക്ക് with a rubber hammer to set it vibrating, and bring it near your ear (Fig 8.4).

Do the four steps in the lab in order: strike, bring it to the ear, dip it in water, then grip it. Each time, ask: is it vibrating, and is there a sound?

🧪 Try it – the tuning-fork bench

Prong movement is magnified and slowed down. A real fork vibrates hundreds of times a second.

⚠ Strike a tuning fork only on a rubber pad or a rubber hammer, never on a table or a glass. Use a plastic or steel bowl for the water test, not glassware, and wipe up spills.
• Yes, a sound is heard when the struck fork is brought near the ear.
• Yes, a gentle touch on the prongs shows that they are vibrating. They tickle the finger.
• Yes, the water drops splash because the vibrating prongs hit the water surface again and again.
• When both prongs are held tightly there is no sound, and the fork is not vibrating any more.
• Conclusion വസ്തുക്കളുടെ കമ്പനം മൂലമാണ് ശബ്ദം ഉണ്ടാകുന്നത്. Sound is produced by the vibration of objects. Objects that produce sound are called sources of sound ശബ്ദസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ.
Examples of sources of sound ശബ്ദസ്രോതസ്സുകൾക്ക് ഉദാഹരണങ്ങൾ എഴുതുക. the tuning fork and musical instruments (given); bells, our vocal cords, loudspeakers, a buzzing bee's wings, a ticking clock, a whistling pressure cooker.
Musical instruments you know നിങ്ങൾക്കു പരിചിതമായ സംഗീതോപകരണങ്ങളുടെ പേരുകൾ സയൻസ് ഡയറിയിൽ ലിസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്യൂ. odakkuzhal (flute) and mridangam (given); veena, violin, chenda, tabla, harmonium, elathalam, idakka, nadaswaram, guitar, maddalam, keyboard.
⚠️ Common trap

“Holding the fork blocks the sound from reaching the ear.” Not quite. Gripping the prongs stops the vibration itself. No vibration means no sound is produced at all. That is the whole point of this step.

6 · Table 8.1 – which parts of an instrument vibrate? (p 160, Fig 8.6)

സംഗീതോപകരണങ്ങൾ പ്രവർത്തിപ്പിക്കുമ്പോൾ ഏതൊക്കെ ഭാഗങ്ങളാണ് കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്നതെന്ന് ശ്രദ്ധിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടോ? Have you noticed which parts vibrate when musical instruments സംഗീതോപകരണങ്ങൾ are played?

നിങ്ങൾ ലിസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്ത സംഗീതോപകരണങ്ങളുടെ കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്ന ഭാഗങ്ങൾ ഏതൊക്കെയാണ്? … നിരീക്ഷണ ഫലങ്ങൾ എഴുതി പട്ടിക 8.1 പൂർത്തിയാക്കൂ. Which parts of the instruments you listed vibrate? Visit the school music room or talk to experts to confirm your conclusions, then write your observations and complete Table 8.1.

The main part പ്രധാന ഭാഗം is the one you pluck, bow, strike or blow on: a string, a skin, a metal plate or a reed. The associated parts അനുബന്ധ ഭാഗങ്ങൾ are the body and the air that are shaken by it.

🧪 Instrument explorer (Fig 8.6)
main vibrating partassociated parts that vibrate
Instrument സംഗീതോപകരണംMain part that vibrates and produces sound കമ്പനം ചെയ്ത് ശബ്ദം പുറപ്പെടുവിക്കുന്ന പ്രധാന ഭാഗംAssociated parts that vibrate അനുബന്ധമായി കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്ന ഭാഗങ്ങൾ
veena വീണstrings കമ്പികൾ (given)wooden body (the round kudam and the gourd) and the air inside
violin വയലിൻstringswooden body, bridge and the air inside
elathalam ഇലത്താളംthe metal platesthe air around
tabla തബലthe stretched skin (membrane)the wooden / metal body and the air inside
harmonium ഹാർമോണിയംreeds റീഡുകൾ (given)the air column and the wooden box
chenda ചെണ്ടthe stretched skin (membrane)wooden frame and the air inside the chenda (given) മരം കൊണ്ടുണ്ടാക്കിയ ചട്ടക്കൂട്, ചെണ്ടയ്ക്കുള്ളിലെ വായുവും
Key ideas (p 160): every source of sound has one main part that vibrates. The sound we hear is the combined effect of the vibrations of several parts of the source and of the air around it. In musical instruments, the vibration of the main part and the associated parts makes the sound sweeter and louder.
⚠️ Common trap

Writing only the main part, or only the body. A full answer names both. Example: the violin's strings vibrate (main part), and the wooden body, the bridge and the air inside vibrate along with them (associated parts). Without the body a violin string alone sounds very weak.

7 · Our voice (p 161, Fig 8.7)

ഞാൻ സംസാരിക്കുമ്പോൾ പ്രധാനമായും കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്നത് ഏത് ഭാഗമായിരിക്കും? Which part mainly vibrates when I speak?

ഉച്ചത്തിൽ സംസാരിച്ചുകൊണ്ട് തൊണ്ടയിൽ സ്പർശിച്ചുനോക്കൂ. കമ്പനം അനുഭവപ്പെടുന്നില്ലേ? Touch your throat while speaking loudly. Don't you feel a vibration?

The book tells you that sound is produced when the vocal cords സ്വനതന്തുക്കൾ in the larynx (voice box) സ്വനപേടകം, at the top of the windpipe, vibrate. Press “Say aaa” and watch which other parts start moving.

🧪 Try it – the voice box (Fig 8.7)
• Main part: the vocal cords സ്വനതന്തുക്കൾ in the larynx (voice box) സ്വനപേടകം. Air from the lungs makes them vibrate. That is the vibration you feel on your throat.
• No, the vocal cords are not the only parts that vibrate.
• Associated parts: the muscles of the throat (given); the air in the throat, mouth and nose; the walls of the windpipe and the throat; the cheeks and the chest. The lips, tongue, teeth and palate shape the sound into words.
💡 Try it on yourself

Put your fingers on your throat and say “aaa”, then whisper “aaa”. When you whisper the vocal cords hardly vibrate, so the buzz under your fingers almost disappears. Hum with your lips closed and touch your nose: you can feel the air in the nose vibrating too.

8 · Mridangam, odakkuzhal and guitar; instruments where air vibrates (p 161)

Q. ചുവടെ നൽകിയിരിക്കുന്ന സംഗീതോപകരണങ്ങൾ വാദനം ചെയ്യുമ്പോൾ കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്ന പ്രധാനഭാഗം ഏത്? (a) മൃദംഗം (b) ഓടക്കുഴൽ (c) ഗിറ്റാർ When the instruments below are played, which main part vibrates? (a) mridangam (b) odakkuzhal (flute) (c) guitar

Q. പ്രധാനഭാഗമായോ അനുബന്ധഭാഗമായോ വായു കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്ന സംഗീതോപകരണങ്ങളുടെ പേരുകൾ ലിസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്യുക. List the names of musical instruments in which air vibrates, either as the main part or as an associated part.

In a drum you strike the skin. In a flute you only blow, so nothing solid is plucked or struck. In a guitar you pluck. For the second question: air is inside the hollow body of almost every instrument.

🎬 Solution animation – the main vibrating part
main vibrating partassociated parts
🗂️ Sorter – is air the MAIN vibrating part, or an ASSOCIATED part?
Score: 0 / 0
(a) Mridangam മൃദംഗം: the stretched skin (membrane) at its ends.
(b) Odakkuzhal ഓടക്കുഴൽ (flute): the air column inside the tube.
(c) Guitar ഗിറ്റാർ: the strings.
Air as the main part: odakkuzhal (flute), nadaswaram, shehnai, conch (shankhu), trumpet and bugle. In the nadaswaram and shehnai a small reed sets the air column vibrating.
Air as an associated part: harmonium (reeds are the main part), veena, violin, guitar, chenda, tabla, mridangam, idakka. In each of these the air inside the hollow body vibrates along with the main part.

9 · Table 8.2 – how animals make sound (p 161)

പട്ടിക 8.2 ൽ പരാമർശിച്ചിരിക്കുന്ന ജീവികൾ ശബ്ദമുണ്ടാക്കുമ്പോൾ അവയുടെ ഏതു ശരീരഭാഗമാണ് പ്രധാനമായും കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്നതെന്ന് വിവരശേഖരണം നടത്തി പട്ടിക പൂർത്തിയാക്കൂ. Collect information and complete Table 8.2: which body part of each animal mainly vibrates when it makes a sound?

Two are given: the honeybee's wings and the elephant's vocal cords. Insects buzz or chirp with wings. Mammals and birds use a voice box.

🎬 Solution animation – the vibrating part of each animal
Animal ജീവിPart that vibrates to make sound ശബ്ദമുണ്ടാക്കാൻ കമ്പനം ചെയ്യുന്ന ഭാഗം
honeybee തേനീച്ചwings ചിറക് (given)
elephant ആനvocal cords സ്വനതന്തു (given)
mosquito കൊതുക്?
cricket ചീവീട്?
koel കുയിൽ?
• Mosquito: its wings. They beat very fast, which makes the thin whine near your ear.
• Cricket ചീവീട്: its wings. It rubs one wing against the other, which makes them vibrate and chirp. (Cicadas, also called ചീവീട് in Malayalam, use a vibrating membrane on the body called a tymbal.)
• Koel കുയിൽ: the bird's voice box (syrinx). Its walls vibrate as air passes through.

10 · Sucking the air out of the buzzer jar (p 162, Fig 8.8)

വിവിധ ശബ്ദസ്രോതസ്സുകളിൽനിന്ന് പുറപ്പെടുന്ന ശബ്ദം നമ്മുടെ ചെവിയിൽ എത്തുന്നത് എങ്ങനെയാണ്? How does the sound from different sources reach our ears? (Propagation of sound ശബ്ദപ്രേഷണം.)

Activity. ചിത്രത്തിൽ കാണുന്നതു പോലെ പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് ട്യൂബ് ഘടിപ്പിച്ച, സുതാര്യമായ ഗ്ലാസ് കണ്ടെയ്നറിനുള്ളിൽ ബാറ്ററിയിൽ പ്രവർത്തിച്ചുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന ബസ്സർ തൂക്കിയിട്ട ശേഷം കണ്ടെയ്നർ അടയ്ക്കുക. Hang a battery-operated buzzer that is sounding inside a transparent container fitted with a plastic tube, and close the container. Then suck the air out through the tube.

Slide the air amount down in the lab and watch the loudness meter. Ask: what is passing the buzzer's vibration on to the container wall?

🧪 Try it – take the air out

With your mouth you can remove only some of the air, so the sound becomes fainter but does not stop. A vacuum pump in a lab can remove nearly all of it (section 1).

⚠ Use only a sealed plastic container and a clean tube, never glassware you press against your mouth, and suck gently. Better still, let your teacher do it.
• Yes, at first the buzzer is heard clearly.
• Yes, as air is sucked out the sound becomes fainter.
• Yes, removing more air makes it fainter still.
• If all the air were removed, no sound would be heard, even though the buzzer keeps vibrating.
• Inference വായുവിലൂടെ സഞ്ചരിച്ചാണ് ശബ്ദം നമ്മുടെ ചെവിയിൽ എത്തുന്നത്. ശൂന്യതയിലൂടെ സഞ്ചരിക്കാൻ ശബ്ദത്തിന് കഴിയില്ല. Sound reaches our ears by travelling through air. Sound cannot travel through vacuum.
The opening picture (p 162): പാഠാരംഭത്തിലെ ചിത്രം നിരീക്ഷിക്കൂ. … ജാറിനു വെളിയിൽ കേൾക്കാൻ കഴിയാതിരുന്നത് എന്തുകൊണ്ടായിരിക്കുമെന്ന് മനസ്സിലായല്ലോ? Now we understand why the alarm in the bell jar could not be heard outside. The vacuum pump had removed the air, so there was no medium to carry its sound.

11 · Ears on the desk (p 162, Fig 8.9)

ശബ്ദം വായുവിലൂടെ മാത്രമാണോ സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്നത്? Does sound travel only through air?

Activity. കുട്ടികൾ ഡെസ്കിൽ ചെവി അമർത്തിവച്ച ശേഷം മറ്റൊരു കുട്ടി ട്യൂണിങ് ഫോർക്ക് കമ്പനം ചെയ്യിച്ച് അതിന്റെ തണ്ട് ഡെസ്കിൽ അമർത്തട്ടെ. Some children press their ears to a desk. Another child sets a tuning fork vibrating and presses its stem on the desk.

The ear is touching the wood and the fork's stem is touching the wood. What is in between them?

🎬 Solution animation – vibrations through the wood
• Yes, the sound is heard, and clearly. It is louder than when the fork is just held in the air at the same distance.
• Media: mainly the wood of the desk (a solid). A little also reaches us through the air.
• Yes, sound can travel through solids. ഖരവസ്തുക്കളിലൂടെയും ശബ്ദം സഞ്ചരിക്കും. Sound travels through solids too.
💡 Where you meet this

You hear a train coming through the rails before you hear it through the air, and you hear neighbours drilling through the walls. Even so, never put your ear on a railway track to test this. It is extremely dangerous.

12 · Tapping a vessel under water (p 163, Figs 8.10, 8.11)

അങ്ങനെയെങ്കിൽ ശബ്ദത്തിന് ദ്രാവകങ്ങളിലൂടെ സഞ്ചരിക്കാൻ കഴിയുമോ? In that case, can sound travel through liquids?

Activity. ഒരു ബക്കറ്റിൽ ജലം എടുക്കുക. ജലത്തിനുള്ളിലായി ഒരു സ്റ്റീൽപാത്രം പിടിച്ച് അതിനെ സ്പൂൺ കൊണ്ട് തട്ടി നോക്കൂ. ശബ്ദം കേൾക്കാൻ സാധിക്കുന്നുണ്ടോ? Take water in a bucket. Hold a steel vessel inside the water and tap it with a spoon. Can you hear the sound?

Follow the vibration from the spoon to your ear. It starts in the steel vessel, then crosses the water, then the bucket wall, then the air.

🎬 Solution animation – from the spoon to the ear
• Yes, the tapping is heard.
• Media: the steel vessel (solid), the water (liquid), the bucket wall (solid) and finally the air (gas) to our ear.
• Conclusion ശബ്ദത്തിന് വാതകങ്ങളിലൂടെ മാത്രമല്ല, ദ്രാവകങ്ങളിലൂടെയും ഖരവസ്തുക്കളിലൂടെയും സഞ്ചരിക്കാൻ സാധിക്കും. ശബ്ദപ്രേഷണത്തിന് മാധ്യമം ആവശ്യമാണ്. Sound can travel not only through gases but also through liquids and solids. Sound needs a medium to travel.
Fig 8.11: (a) a snake senses vibrations travelling through the ground to catch its prey and to stay safe. (b) Dolphins, whales and other sea animals communicate using sound travelling through sea water.
🧪 PhET → Sound Waves

The textbook suggests the free PhET simulation “Sound Waves”. Links to it are in the resources hub on page 12. It is optional: everything you need is on this page.

13 · Why do astronauts talk by radio? (p 163, Fig 8.12)

ബഹിരാകാശ സഞ്ചാരികൾ പരസ്പരം സംസാരിക്കാൻ റേഡിയോ സംവിധാനം ഉപയോഗിക്കേണ്ടിവരുന്നത് എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ്? Why do astronauts have to use a radio system to talk to each other?

Outside the spacecraft, is there any air between the two helmets? What does sound need in order to travel?

🎬 Solution animation – sound stops at the helmet, radio goes through
Space is almost a vacuum: there is no air outside the astronauts' helmets. Sound needs a medium, so the sound of one astronaut's voice cannot travel across the empty space to the other. The voice is picked up by a microphone inside the helmet and sent as radio waves, which can travel through vacuum. The other astronaut's radio receives them and turns them back into sound inside the helmet, where there is air.
⚠️ Common trap

“Radio waves are a kind of sound.” They are not. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves, the same family as light, and they need no medium. That is why we can see the Sun and talk to spacecraft, but we cannot hear the Sun.

14 · Thunder after lightning; Table 8.3 (p 164)

ഇടിയും മിന്നലും ഒരേ സമയത്താണ് ഉണ്ടാകുന്നതെങ്കിലും മിന്നൽ കണ്ട ശേഷമാണല്ലോ ഇടിനാദം കേൾക്കുന്നത്. അതെന്തുകൊണ്ടായിരിക്കും? Thunder and lightning happen at the same time, but we hear the thunder only after seeing the lightning. Why could that be? (Answered in section 16.)

പട്ടിക 8.3 വിശകലനം ചെയ്ത് ചോദ്യങ്ങളുടെ ഉത്തരം എഴുതൂ. Analyse Table 8.3 and answer:

Compare the longest bars with the shortest bars in the chart. Which state do the long bars belong to?

State പദാർഥത്തിന്റെ അവസ്ഥMedium മാധ്യമംSpeed of sound (m/s) at 25 °C
solid ഖരംaluminium6423
steel5944
liquid ദ്രാവകംsea water1525
pure water1485
gas വാതകംhelium968
air347

Table 8.3 (from the textbook)

📊 Table 8.3 as a bar chart
• No. The speed of sound is different in different media, from 347 m/s in air to 6423 m/s in aluminium.
• It is highest in solids (aluminium 6423 m/s, steel 5944 m/s) and lowest in gases (air 347 m/s, helium 968 m/s). Liquids come in between.
Key idea (p 164) താപനില കൂടുമ്പോൾ ശബ്ദവേഗം കൂടുന്നു. The speed of sound is different in different media. It also changes with the temperature of the medium: when the temperature increases, the speed of sound increases.
🔎 Go further

In air, the speed of sound rises by about 0.6 m/s for every 1 °C rise in temperature (approx.). That is why the table says “at 25 °C”, and why the book rounds the speed in air to “about 350 m/s” for calculations.

15 · The firecracker heard 3 s later (p 164)

രാത്രിയിൽ പടക്കം പൊട്ടുമ്പോഴുണ്ടായ വെളിച്ചം കണ്ട് 3 s നു ശേഷം അതിന്റെ ശബ്ദം കേട്ടു എങ്കിൽ സ്ഫോടനം നടന്നത് എത്ര അകലെയായിരിക്കും? (ശബ്ദവേഗം 350 m/s എന്ന് പരിഗണിക്കുക). At night, the sound of a firecracker was heard 3 s after its flash was seen. How far away did the explosion happen? (Take the speed of sound as 350 m/s.)

Light reaches you almost instantly, so the 3 s is the time the sound took. Use distance = speed × time.

🎬 Solution in exam layout – Given → Formula → Substitution → Answer
🧪 Try other numbers
Given: time taken by the sound t = 3 s; speed of sound v = 350 m/s.
Formula: distance travelled by sound = speed of sound × time ശബ്ദം സഞ്ചരിച്ച ദൂരം = ശബ്ദവേഗം × സമയം.
Substitution: d = 350 m/s × 3 s.
Answer: d = 1050 m (about 1.05 km). Light (3 × 108 m/s) covers this distance in only 1050 ÷ (3 × 108) s = 0.0000035 s, so we can treat the flash as seen at the instant of the explosion.
⚠️ Common trap

Using the speed of light with the 3 s. The 3 s is the extra time the sound needs, so it goes with 350 m/s. Also always write the unit: “1050 m”, not just “1050”.

⚠ Watch fireworks (Vishu, Thrissur Pooram) from a safe distance. Very loud bangs can damage hearing, so cover your ears or use ear plugs, and never light crackers in your hand.

16 · Why is thunder heard after lightning? (p 164)

പല സന്ദർഭങ്ങളിലും മിന്നൽ കണ്ട് അല്പസമയം കഴിഞ്ഞ് മാത്രം ഇടിനാദം കേൾക്കുന്നതിന്റെ കാരണം വിശദമാക്കുക. Explain why, in many cases, we hear thunder only some time after seeing the lightning.

Both start together in the cloud. Compare how long light and sound each take to cover the same distance.

🎬 Solution animation – the race between light and sound
Lightning and thunder are produced at the same moment. But light travels at 3 × 108 m/s, so it reaches us almost instantly. Sound travels through air at only about 350 m/s, so it needs several seconds to cover the same distance, about 3 s for every kilometre. So we see the flash first and hear the thunder later. The farther away the lightning, the longer the gap.

Worked example – how far away is the storm?

During the monsoon, Anu sees a flash of lightning and hears the thunder 5 s later. Taking the speed of sound as 350 m/s, how far away did the lightning strike?

Same method as the firecracker: the 5 s belongs to the sound. Multiply speed by time, then change metres to kilometres (1 km = 1000 m).

🎬 Solution in exam layout – Given → Formula → Substitution → Answer
🧪 Try other numbers – the thunder timer
Given: time taken by the sound t = 5 s; speed of sound v = 350 m/s.
Formula: distance = speed × time.
Substitution: d = 350 m/s × 5 s.
Answer: d = 1750 m = 1.75 km. (The light took only 1750 ÷ (3 × 108) s ≈ 0.0000058 s.)
⚠ Thunder means lightning is near enough to be dangerous. Go indoors. Keep away from open grounds, tall lone trees, water and metal poles, and stay inside until the storm has passed.

17 · Is a source and a medium enough? The mustard-seed eardrum (p 165, Figs 8.13–8.15)

ശബ്ദസ്രോതസ്സും മാധ്യമവും ഉണ്ടായാൽ മാത്രം ശബ്ദം കേൾക്കാൻ സാധിക്കുമോ? Can we hear sound if there is only a source and a medium?

എങ്ങനെയാണ് ശബ്ദം നമുക്ക് കേൾക്കാൻ കഴിയുന്നത്? അതിനു നമ്മെ സഹായിക്കുന്ന ഇന്ദ്രിയം ഏതാണ്? How are we able to hear sound? Which sense organ helps us? (Fig 8.13: the grandmother cannot hear the boy. “ഏ.. ഒന്നും കേൾക്കാൻ വയ്യ മോനേ... ഉച്ചത്തിൽ പറയൂ..” “Eh… I can't hear anything, son… speak louder!”)

Activity (Fig 8.14). രണ്ട് അഗ്രവും മുറിച്ചു മാറ്റിയ പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് ബോട്ടിലിന്റെ ഏതെങ്കിലും ഒരു അഗ്രത്തിൽ പൊട്ടിയ ബലൂൺ ഡയഫ്രമാക്കി ഉറപ്പിക്കുക. … ഡയഫ്രത്തിന്മേൽ കടുകുമണികൾ ഇടുക. Cut off both ends of a plastic bottle. Stretch a piece of a burst balloon over one end as a diaphragm ഡയഫ്രം. Fix a 2 cm high transparent border around the bottle above the diaphragm and put mustard seeds on the diaphragm. Speak loudly into the open end so that the sound hits the diaphragm, and watch the seeds.

Press “Speak” and watch the order: voice, then air, then diaphragm, then seeds. Which part of your ear behaves like the diaphragm?

🧪 Try it – the mustard-seed diaphragm (Fig 8.14)
🎬 Solution animation – from the tuning fork to the brain (Fig 8.15)
• No. A source and a medium are not enough. We also need an organ of hearing ശ്രവണേന്ദ്രിയം, the ear, in working order. The grandmother in Fig 8.13 has the source (the boy's voice) and the medium (air), but her ears have become weak with age.
• Yes, the seeds jump up and down, because the diaphragm vibrates when the sound (pressure changes in the air) hits it.
• Our ear has a similar part that can vibrate: the eardrum (tympanum) കർണ്ണപുടം.
How we hear (p 165): a vibrating object makes rapid pressure variations മർദവ്യതിയാനങ്ങൾ in the air around it: compressions C മർദം കൂടിയ മേഖല and rarefactions R മർദം കുറഞ്ഞ മേഖല. They travel through the medium, enter the outer ear ചെവിക്കുട and the ear canal കർണ്ണനാളം, and make the eardrum vibrate. The eardrum sends the vibrations to the inner ear ആന്തരകർണ്ണം. From there signals reach the brain, and only then do we perceive the sound.
Three things are needed to hear a sound: a source, a medium and an organ of hearing.
⚠️ Common trap

“The air from the tuning fork travels into the ear.” No. The air particles only move to and fro near their own places. It is the pattern of compressions and rarefactions, the disturbance, that travels to the ear.

18 · Life with hearing loss; World Hearing Day (p 166, Figs 8.16, 8.17)

കേൾവി ശക്തി ഇല്ലാത്തവരുടെ ലോകത്തെക്കുറിച്ച് ചിന്തിച്ചിട്ടുണ്ടോ? Have you thought about the world of people who cannot hear? (Fig 8.16, the World Hearing Day ലോക ശ്രവണദിനം poster, 3 March.)

കേൾവി അന്യമായവർ സമൂഹത്തിന് അന്യരല്ല.

“Those who have lost their hearing are not strangers to society.” (Fig 8.16)

🗂️ Sorter – helpful or hurtful towards a classmate with hearing loss?
Score: 0 / 0
Problems they may face: difficulty in communication and risk of accidents (given). Also: difficulty following lessons in class; missing alarms, horns and calls for help; trouble using the phone; feeling lonely and left out of games and conversations; being misunderstood or teased; fewer job opportunities.
Our approach: treat them with fellow-feeling and kindness, and give them participation and consideration in every activity (given). Also: face them and speak clearly and a little slowly, without shouting; get their attention before speaking; use gestures, written notes or captions; learn a few signs of sign language; let them sit in front in class; include them in games and celebrations; never mock or imitate them.
Hearing tests and help: hearing loss can be found with an audiometer ഓഡിയോമീറ്റർ. A hearing aid ശ്രവണ സഹായി (Fig 8.17) is an electronic device that helps people with hearing loss to hear.
📝 Note for World Hearing Day (3 March) – a model

“Dear friends, today is World Hearing Day. Some people are born with hearing loss and others lose their hearing later through illness, injury, loud noise or old age. They face many difficulties: in talking with others, in learning, and in staying safe on the road. They are not strangers to our society. Let us speak to them face to face, clearly and kindly, include them in all our activities, and learn a few signs. Let us also protect our own ears: no pins or sticks in the ears, no very loud music, and ear plugs near loud machines. A hearing test with an audiometer and a hearing aid can change a life. Helen Keller lost her sight and hearing when she was 19 months old, yet became a great writer and teacher. With support, everyone can shine.”

🎤 Questions to ask an audiologist
  1. What is an audiometer, and how is a hearing test done?
  2. What are the common causes of hearing loss in children and in older people?
  3. How loud is too loud? How long can we safely use earphones?
  4. How does a hearing aid work, and who can use one?
  5. What are the early signs that someone is not hearing well?
  6. How should we clean our ears safely?
  7. Why is it important to test newborn babies' hearing?

19 · Protection of the ear (p 167)

ചെവി പരിചരണവുമായി ബന്ധപ്പെട്ട എന്തെല്ലാം കാര്യങ്ങളാണ് നാം ശ്രദ്ധിക്കേണ്ടത് എന്ന് കണ്ടെത്തി ക്ലാസിൽ അവതരിപ്പിക്കൂ. Find out what we should take care of in looking after our ears, and present it in class. (The book warns ചെവിക്കുള്ളിൽ ഏതെങ്കിലും തരത്തിലുള്ള വസ്തുക്കൾ ഇടുന്നത് വലിയ അപകടമാണ്.: putting any object into the ear is very dangerous. It can tear the eardrum and cause hearing loss, and because of the ear's structure wounds heal slowly and may get infected.)

🎬 Solution animation – why not to poke inside the ear
🗂️ Sorter – safe or harmful for your ears?
Score: 0 / 0
• Never put pins, hairpins, matchsticks, pen caps or keys into the ear, and don't push cotton buds deep inside. Clean only the outer part with a soft cloth. The ear canal cleans itself.
• Keep dirty water out of the ears and dry the outer ear after a bath or swim.
• Avoid very loud sounds (firecrackers, loudspeakers, air horns). Keep earphones at a low volume and take breaks.
• Use ear plugs or ear muffs near loud machines.
• Never slap anyone on the ear: it can burst the eardrum.
• For ear pain, itching, discharge, a blocked feeling or hearing loss, see a doctor. Don't pour oil or other drops into the ear without a doctor's advice.
⚠ If an insect or an object gets into the ear, don't try to dig it out. Go to a doctor.

20 · Music and noise (p 167, Fig 8.18)

ട്രാഫിക് പോയിന്റിലെ ശബ്ദം അരോചകമായി തോന്നുന്നത് എന്തുകൊണ്ടായിരിക്കും? Why does the sound at a traffic junction feel unpleasant?

സംഗീതക്ലാസിൽ കേൾക്കുന്ന ശ്രുതിമധുരമായ ശബ്ദവും ട്രാഫിക് പോയിന്റിലെ ശബ്ദവും താരതമ്യം ചെയ്തു നോക്കൂ. ഏത് ശബ്ദമാണ് കേൾക്കാൻ ഇമ്പമുള്ളത്? Compare the sweet sound heard in the music class with the sound at the traffic junction. Which is pleasant to hear?

ചിരട്ട കല്ലിൽ ഉരസി ശബ്ദം ശ്രവിക്കൂ. രണ്ട് സന്ദർഭങ്ങളിലെയും ശബ്ദം താരതമ്യം ചെയ്യൂ. We can hear sweet music from a chiratta-veena. Now rub a coconut shell on a stone and listen. Compare the two sounds.

സംഗീതം പോലും ഒച്ചയായി അനുഭവപ്പെട്ടിട്ടുള്ള സന്ദർഭങ്ങൾ ഉണ്ടായിട്ടുണ്ടോ? ഒരു പരിധിയ്ക്കപ്പുറം ഉച്ചത്തിലുള്ള ശബ്ദം അരോചകമായി തോന്നാറില്ലേ? Have you ever felt even music as noise? Doesn't a sound louder than a limit feel unpleasant? ഉച്ചത്തിലുള്ള ശബ്ദം ചെവിക്ക് ദോഷമുണ്ടാക്കില്ലേ? Won't loud sound harm the ear?

Pick each sound in the lab and look at the shape of its vibration. Is there a pattern that repeats, or is it a jumble? Then turn the loudness up.

🧪 Try it – the shape of a sound (picture only, no audio)
• The traffic-junction sound is unpleasant because it is a mixture of many irregular sounds (horns, engines, brakes) and it is very loud.
• The music class is pleasant to hear. Its sound comes from regular, orderly vibrations.
• The chiratta-veena gives sweet music, but rubbing the coconut shell on a stone gives a harsh, unpleasant sound. Its vibrations are irregular.
• Key idea സംഗീതം (Music) … ഒച്ച (noise): sound produced by regular (orderly) vibrations that is pleasant to hear is music. Sound produced by irregular vibrations that is unpleasant is noise.
• Yes, even music becomes noise when it is played too loud (beyond a limit), for example festival loudspeakers late at night.
• Yes, loud sound harms the ear. Very loud sounds, or loud sounds heard for a long time, can damage the inner ear and cause permanent hearing loss.
⚠️ Common trap

“Noise = loud sound and music = soft sound.” The real difference is regular vs irregular vibration. A soft scrape of a shell on a stone is still noise. Loud music is still made of regular vibrations, but because it is unpleasant and harmful it becomes noise for the listener.

21 · Noise pollution (p 168, Figs 8.19–8.21)

‘ഗൗരവമേറിയ ഒരു പൊതുജനാരോഗ്യ പ്രശ്നമാണ് ശബ്ദമലിനീകരണം.’ “Noise pollution ശബ്ദമലിനീകരണം is a serious public-health problem.” (Fig 8.19 collage)

Think of the town in Fig 8.19: lorries, aircraft, a crane, a train, a loudspeaker and a factory. Who has to live or work next to these every day?

📊 How loud is it? (approximate decibel values – go further)

Decibels (dB) are a go-further idea, not in the textbook. All values are approximate.

🗂️ Sorter – does it reduce noise pollution or add to it?
Score: 0 / 0
• Response: I agree. Noise harms our hearing, sleep, health and peace of mind, and it affects everyone in a town, so it is a public-health problem.
• Meaning ശബ്ദമലിനീകരണം: unnecessary sound that is unbearable and uncomfortable and that harms humans and other living things is noise pollution.
• Causes: the increasing number of vehicles and public-address systems (given); also air horns, construction machinery, factories, aircraft, trains, firecrackers, loud music at functions, generators.
• Effects: headache, sleeplessness, stress and anger, high blood pressure, hearing loss, poor concentration in studies. Birds and animals are disturbed too.
• Most affected: traffic police; workers in factories, construction sites and mines; people living near airports, highways and railway lines; patients in hospitals; babies, the elderly and students.
• Yes, it must be controlled.
• What we can do: workers in mines and construction should wear ear muffs ഇയർ മഫ് (Fig 8.20); use ear plugs ഇയർ പ്ലഗ് near powerful machines (Fig 8.21); no air horns in vehicles; keep vehicle silencers working properly; use box-type loudspeakers instead of horn-type ones; plant many trees; no loudspeakers in public places before 6 am and after 10 pm; avoid loud sound near hospitals, schools and courts.
💡 Why this matters

The textbook ends the topic with a reminder: പ്രകൃതി നമുക്ക് നൽകിയ ഏറ്റവും നല്ല വരദാനങ്ങളിൽ ഒന്നാണ് ഹൃദ്യമായ ശബ്ദം. Pleasant sound is one of nature's best gifts and makes our leisure richer, so let us manage sound in an eco-friendly way. Resul Pookutty, from Anchal in Kollam, won the Oscar for sound mixing. Read about him and careers in sound on page 11.

Check yourself

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